ARRT Bone Density Exam Study Set Exam
2024
According to the WHO criteria, what is the diagnosis of osteoporosis based
on the measurement of bone density? - -2.5 SD or more below the young
adult peak bone density
-What is the gold standard technique for measuring bone density? - -DXA
-Cancellous bone is also know as? - -Trabecular Bone
-What is the anatomical landmark on the proximal femur that gives the best
visual indication of the degree of rotation of the proximal femur? - -Lesser
Trochanter
-Which lumbar vertebra is described as having a characteristic shape of an X
or and H on a DXA PA spine scan? - -L4
-Is Forteo a bisphosphonate? - -NO
-Quantitative Computated Tomography (QCT) - --measurements are
volumetric
-trabecular bone can be isolated from cortical bone
-accuracy may be affected by marrow fat
-Peripheral BMD measurements are advocated for _____________? - -
Screening
-What is the most important clinical consequence of osteoporosis? - -
Fracture
-What is the name of the tool that integrates clinical information in a
quantitative manner to predict a 10-year probability of major osteoporotic
fracture for both men and women? - -FRAX
-What is the major source of precision error in clinical practice? - -
Technologist
-What is the percentage of trabecular bone in the skeleton? - -20 %
-The forearm is not used to monitor the effects of therapy for osteoporosis
because....... - -rate of change in BMD is too slow
,-What site is mostly composed of cortical bone? - -Proximal forearm
-What are the advantages of QUS over x-ray methodologies for BMD
measurement? - --ultrasound is comparatively inexpensive
-patients are not subjected to ionizing radiation
-ultrasound exams are quick to perform
-What is the name of the isotope that was used in SPA? - -Iodine-125
-What is the texture index that evaluates the pixel gray-level variations in
lumber spine DXA images? - -TBS (Trabecular Bone Score)
-When does type 2 primary osteoporosis generally occur? - -after age 70
-What technique used images of the hand and an aluminum wedge? - -RA
(Radiograhic Absorptiometry)
-New bone is formed by the ___________? - -osteoblasts
-Cancellous bone is also known as _______________? - -Trabecular bone
-How would you start labeling the vertebral bodies on a PA lumbar scan? - -
Start at L4 and count/label up
-With changes in rotation of the femoral neck, what happens? - -Increases
the BMD
-If daily QC fails, what should be your first step of action? - --repeat the scan
-if scan fails again, then call for help
-Although the technology is similar with all of the DXA units, the BMD results
are different because.......... - --different calibration standards
-algorithms to calculate BMD
-differences in the ROI
-different databases
-The primary mechanism of action of antiresorptive therapies is the direct
interaction with the __________________ - -osteoclasts
, -Which site is preferred for determination of fracture prediction? - -proximal
femur
-What is one disease not associated with low BMD? - -osteopetrosis
-DXA results may be influenced by......... - --body thickness
-degenerative changes
-fractures
-scan mode
-A great forearm scan should include....... - --forearm centered
-forearm straight
-free of artifacts
-Phantoms that mimic the shape and size of a skeletal region are called
______________________________. - -anthromomorphic phantoms
-What is the formula used to calculate BMD? - -BMD = BMC/Area
-How often should you perform the QA on the DXA unit? - -everyday you
scan
-Radiogammetry is the measurement of bones using skeletal
x-rays/radiographs. Which site was often used? - -metacarpals
-With voltage switching units, what type of calibration is used? - -continuous
internal calibration--wheel or drum
-For low energies, the most common process of absorption is the
________________________ effect. - -photoelectric
-What are some comparisons to the amount of effective dose given during a
central DXA scan? - --less than a day of background radiation
-less than a round trip from Boston to LA
-one-tenth of a chest xray
-Why is the non-dominant arm used in bone densitometry? - -reference
values reflect non-dominant arm measurements
, -When measuring the proximal femur, how should the neck ROI be placed? -
-the neck ROI should be perpendicular to the femoral neck
-What is the bone edge detection methodology? - -it tests the machines
ability to distinguish bone from soft tissue
-What are the two most common methods for shifting the energies in DXA
units? - --energy shifting
-k-edge filters
-Why do you use the hip positioner during scanning of the proximal femur? -
-to place the femoral neck parallel to the tabletop
-Bisphosphonates prevent bone loss by.... - -reducing the activity of the
osteoclasts
-If a patient has a history of hyperparathyroidism, what would the preferred
site be for evaluation? - -33% or 1/3 of the forearm
-What is important for serial monitoring? - -precision
-What pharmaceutical may be suggested for a woman with a high risk of
breast cancer and elevated lipids? - -Evista (Raloxifene)
-What year was the Bone Mass Measurement Act proposed? - -1997
-What type of osteoporosis is a result of menopause? - -Primary
Osteoporosis Type 1
-What classes of cells are involved in bone remodeling? - --osteoclasts
-osteoblasts
-osteocytes
-What therapy mimics the effects of estrogen on bone and has
antiestrogenic effects in other tissue? - -Raloxifene
-In both men and women, bone mass increases until approximately what
age? - -30 years
-What must be performed in order to compare studies when a new machine
is bought? - -cross-calibration
2024
According to the WHO criteria, what is the diagnosis of osteoporosis based
on the measurement of bone density? - -2.5 SD or more below the young
adult peak bone density
-What is the gold standard technique for measuring bone density? - -DXA
-Cancellous bone is also know as? - -Trabecular Bone
-What is the anatomical landmark on the proximal femur that gives the best
visual indication of the degree of rotation of the proximal femur? - -Lesser
Trochanter
-Which lumbar vertebra is described as having a characteristic shape of an X
or and H on a DXA PA spine scan? - -L4
-Is Forteo a bisphosphonate? - -NO
-Quantitative Computated Tomography (QCT) - --measurements are
volumetric
-trabecular bone can be isolated from cortical bone
-accuracy may be affected by marrow fat
-Peripheral BMD measurements are advocated for _____________? - -
Screening
-What is the most important clinical consequence of osteoporosis? - -
Fracture
-What is the name of the tool that integrates clinical information in a
quantitative manner to predict a 10-year probability of major osteoporotic
fracture for both men and women? - -FRAX
-What is the major source of precision error in clinical practice? - -
Technologist
-What is the percentage of trabecular bone in the skeleton? - -20 %
-The forearm is not used to monitor the effects of therapy for osteoporosis
because....... - -rate of change in BMD is too slow
,-What site is mostly composed of cortical bone? - -Proximal forearm
-What are the advantages of QUS over x-ray methodologies for BMD
measurement? - --ultrasound is comparatively inexpensive
-patients are not subjected to ionizing radiation
-ultrasound exams are quick to perform
-What is the name of the isotope that was used in SPA? - -Iodine-125
-What is the texture index that evaluates the pixel gray-level variations in
lumber spine DXA images? - -TBS (Trabecular Bone Score)
-When does type 2 primary osteoporosis generally occur? - -after age 70
-What technique used images of the hand and an aluminum wedge? - -RA
(Radiograhic Absorptiometry)
-New bone is formed by the ___________? - -osteoblasts
-Cancellous bone is also known as _______________? - -Trabecular bone
-How would you start labeling the vertebral bodies on a PA lumbar scan? - -
Start at L4 and count/label up
-With changes in rotation of the femoral neck, what happens? - -Increases
the BMD
-If daily QC fails, what should be your first step of action? - --repeat the scan
-if scan fails again, then call for help
-Although the technology is similar with all of the DXA units, the BMD results
are different because.......... - --different calibration standards
-algorithms to calculate BMD
-differences in the ROI
-different databases
-The primary mechanism of action of antiresorptive therapies is the direct
interaction with the __________________ - -osteoclasts
, -Which site is preferred for determination of fracture prediction? - -proximal
femur
-What is one disease not associated with low BMD? - -osteopetrosis
-DXA results may be influenced by......... - --body thickness
-degenerative changes
-fractures
-scan mode
-A great forearm scan should include....... - --forearm centered
-forearm straight
-free of artifacts
-Phantoms that mimic the shape and size of a skeletal region are called
______________________________. - -anthromomorphic phantoms
-What is the formula used to calculate BMD? - -BMD = BMC/Area
-How often should you perform the QA on the DXA unit? - -everyday you
scan
-Radiogammetry is the measurement of bones using skeletal
x-rays/radiographs. Which site was often used? - -metacarpals
-With voltage switching units, what type of calibration is used? - -continuous
internal calibration--wheel or drum
-For low energies, the most common process of absorption is the
________________________ effect. - -photoelectric
-What are some comparisons to the amount of effective dose given during a
central DXA scan? - --less than a day of background radiation
-less than a round trip from Boston to LA
-one-tenth of a chest xray
-Why is the non-dominant arm used in bone densitometry? - -reference
values reflect non-dominant arm measurements
, -When measuring the proximal femur, how should the neck ROI be placed? -
-the neck ROI should be perpendicular to the femoral neck
-What is the bone edge detection methodology? - -it tests the machines
ability to distinguish bone from soft tissue
-What are the two most common methods for shifting the energies in DXA
units? - --energy shifting
-k-edge filters
-Why do you use the hip positioner during scanning of the proximal femur? -
-to place the femoral neck parallel to the tabletop
-Bisphosphonates prevent bone loss by.... - -reducing the activity of the
osteoclasts
-If a patient has a history of hyperparathyroidism, what would the preferred
site be for evaluation? - -33% or 1/3 of the forearm
-What is important for serial monitoring? - -precision
-What pharmaceutical may be suggested for a woman with a high risk of
breast cancer and elevated lipids? - -Evista (Raloxifene)
-What year was the Bone Mass Measurement Act proposed? - -1997
-What type of osteoporosis is a result of menopause? - -Primary
Osteoporosis Type 1
-What classes of cells are involved in bone remodeling? - --osteoclasts
-osteoblasts
-osteocytes
-What therapy mimics the effects of estrogen on bone and has
antiestrogenic effects in other tissue? - -Raloxifene
-In both men and women, bone mass increases until approximately what
age? - -30 years
-What must be performed in order to compare studies when a new machine
is bought? - -cross-calibration
