EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 26, 2024 9:30 AM Biology 211 Unit 1 Test Questions With Correct Answers. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory? - answer✔✔Hypothesis: Testable prediction Theory: Explanation for a natural phenomenon What makes a well -accepted scientific theory? - answer✔✔Supported by evidence Incorporates relevant laws What are the 5 fundamental characteristics that all living organisms have? - answer✔✔Energy Cells Informat ion Reproduction Evolution What does the cell theory state? - answer✔✔All organisms are made of cells Cells arise from preexisting cells, not spontaneously What two things are implied by the cell theory and the theory of evolution by natural selection? - answer✔✔1. All species come from preexisting species 2. All species trace their ancestry back to a single common ancestor Who came up with binomial nomenclature? - answer✔✔Carolus Linnaeus What two things does the binomial nomenclature naming system include ? - answer✔✔Genus and species What is a synapomorphy? - answer✔✔A shared, derived trait What group includes the ancestral population and all descendants? - answer✔✔Monophyletic What group is an unnatural group that doesn't include the most recent common an cestor? - answer✔✔Polyphyletic EXAM STUDY MATERIALS July 26, 2024 9:30 AM What group includes the ancestral population and some descendants? - answer✔✔Paraphyletic What is a homology? - answer✔✔A similarity in organisms due to common ancestry What is a homoplasy? - answer✔✔A similarity in organisms due to reasons other than common ancestry Arises independently What is convergent evolution? - answer✔✔Natural selection favors similar solution to the same problem What is cladistic approach? - answer✔✔Reconstructing relationships by identifying synapomo rpheis What is the principle of parsimony? - answer✔✔The most likely explanation or pattern is the one that implies the least amount of change What is a fossil? - answer✔✔Any physical trace left by an organism that lived in the past How do fossils form? - answer✔✔Parts of an organism get buried in sediment What are the 4 types of fossils? - answer✔✔Intact, compression, cast, and permineralized What are the 4 limitations of the fossil record? - answer✔✔Habitat, Temporal, Abundance, and Taxonomic/Tissue Bias What is habitat bias? - answer✔✔Organisms living where sediment is actively deposited is more likely to fossilize What is taxonomic/tissue bias? - answer✔✔Organisms with hard parts are more likely to fossilize due to slow decay What is temporal bias? - answer✔✔Recent fossils are much more common than ancient fossils What is abundance bias? - answer✔✔Organisms that are abundant, widespread, or present on Earth for long periods of time leave evidence much more often What is stratigraphy? Does it give relative or absolute dates? - answer✔✔Method of evaluating rock layers: Those closer to the surface are younger and those further below are older. It gives relative dates. What is radiometric dating based on? Does it give absolute or relative dates. - answer✔✔Well -
studied decay rates of certain radioactive isotopes It gives absolute dates What is the half -life of carbon -14? For how many years back can this method be used? - answer✔✔5,700 years
studied decay rates of certain radioactive isotopes It gives absolute dates What is the half -life of carbon -14? For how many years back can this method be used? - answer✔✔5,700 years
