-
Cultural Psychology
, Lecture 1
Chapter 1 + Henrich, Heine, & Norenzayan, 2010
,The weirdest people in the world? (Henrich, Heine, & Norenzayan, 2010)
1. The database in the behavioral sciences is drawn from an extremely narrow slice of human
diversity
2. Behavioral scientists routinely assume that their findings from this narrow slice generalize to
the species
It seems problematic to generalize from industrialized populations to humans more broadly,
in the absence of supportive empirical evidence
Industrialized samples are outliers in studies about visual illusions, social motivations
(fairness), folkbiological cognition, and spatial cognition
Participants
68% are from the US
96% are from Western industrialized countries
Authors
73% of first authors were at American universities
9% were at universities in Western countries
-> 96% of psychological samples come from countries with only 12% of the world's population
, pp. 1-29 ch. 1
Understanding Cross-Cultural
Psychology
1.tw/tATlSCR0SS-CULTURA#CHOLOGY?
Cross cultural psychologists attempt to issues identifying exploring people 's similarities and
° -
resolve by and differences
understand events around them requirements, and traditions
•
people societal
'
to
learn according to their parents wishes , of
their ancestors
these conditions vary from place
•
to place
CROSS CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY
t.7.ua?.:n:.:mmam:ntiue.on:.aggI
-
"
: 7%1%99.9: saanana.in?...:Yenyinsreasonsrorsuanaiuersity
in
establish psychological
•
universals
^
V
I
CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY
meaninoauiinussa-weenaau.ua#oiIYntueYoa:77u If :@IIe?.ae?nawhn7iona:.isognu.gmeaninosauwnenuieuea
cultural psychology seeks to discover
,
the psychology of its individuals .
t.2BASKDEFINTIONSA.2ACULTURECULTURE.t
s.e ?ajaeudybYoamnYI9Ea9IaYnoYnFnEegena
set of attitudes behaviours and
° Attitudes beliefs, values , general knowledge opinions superstitions and
symbols
=
, , , ,
o 576877: : norms ,
roles , customs , traditions , habits , practices .
and fashions
°
to the next . Symbols represent things or ideas ; the meaning is bestowed on them by people
Culture glasses that
pair constantly looking through evaluate
°
=
a of we are a schema to help
-
us
and organize information
°
Explicit characteristics
•
the set of observable acts found in this
regularly culture
•
overt customs ,
observable practices , and typical behavioural responses
°
Implicit characteristics
the
organizing principles inferred to lie behind
•
that these
are regularities
on the basis of consistent of explicit
patterns culture
•
t.2.LSOCLETY.RACE.ANDETHNK.CI
RACE
°
Differences between races are often evolutionat (
geographical isolation)
:n??Iftg÷
Physical populations
tgfmayaaar.ua?!an!PqYen9csauiy9I7ae
characteristics
•
most appear in an
°
Race as social
a
category
it indicates particular experiences shared by many people happen to
•
who
belong to " "
a race
•
Race important element of identification
peoples
=
, ETHNICITY NATION
:ia::: :::::::::::::n÷ii:¥÷aa.ua
Ethnicity usually indicates cultural heritage ,
the A nation is defined as a group of a people who share
often religion and geographic territory .
RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION
%9e.is?.o: : : ieage..a:.: s.anapraaiC
Religious affiliation indicates an individual's
t.2.3KNOWLEDGEINCROSS-CULTURALPSYCHOLOAISC.IE
NTIFK KNOWLEDGE POPULAR ( FOLK) KNOWLEDGE
t.ne.%Fa.ie?.er: : e.m:n:w:.menIT ;:aggi:÷÷z÷÷goaniasa
this
type of
knowledge is derived from Everyday assumptions ranging from commonly
psychological phenomena .
°
Popular beliefs have a tremendous influence on the lives of billions of people
scientific competition
knowledge constant
knowledge
•
remains in with popular
Simplistic generalizations
°
are inaccurate
but useful : behavioral system
•
immune
IDEOLOGICAL ( VALUE -
BASED) KNOWLEDGE
::iaua÷.si:91?rawroiIea.anatI
The
principles of ideological knowledge typically not to
challenge
°
are
open
I unquestionable
•
values
LEGAL KNOWLEDGE
ra 99.%dfongsgfhiadogirfae saenaf.hn?nrignao
Legal knowledge provides grounds for important decisions
°
knowledge encapsulated in the law and
oeagii.gyoou.raieeaa.naa.aenea.mu
'
marriage peoples sanity
. .
the
individuals .
? The four types of
knowledge are deeply interconnected ?
t.3CULTURALTRADITIONAL.IS#
::;:rg÷niiiiiia%iiiiiiiEiiiiiaeaiaea
TRADITIONAL CULTURE
.÷im?:gsar:anYIinmaes.a:aas:net.raai:onm::.eT
us .
: :O: assign:O:÷::u:reggae::
is placed on custom and routine
sina.i.im/: o:a: :n: e:i: ia:i:eEn:si o7i:'
is placed on individual choice
Tessman .
, /
°
III.nisnaumdaenar.enia.hn?hjan ojyneag.io?n..9ignaabeituew.eengooaanaevil
between good and inhuman
°
Truth is not debatable ; it's established and 0 Truth is revealed through the competition of ideas .
|
doesn't Individuals '
restricted
choices
strongly
0
change are not
°
Individuals choices
'
are restricted to the to the boundaries of social prescriptions (e.g ,
boundaries of social prescriptions Ce premarital , extramarital and homosexual
/
g
-
,
.
premarital ,
extramarital , and homosexual behaviors are generally tolerated
behaviors)
With more choices
psychological problems
°
come
choice congestion
•
frustration concerning mistakes people make when
exercising their options
•
t.4EMPIRKALETAUINATIONOFCUL.TW#
POWER DISTANCE
t.am:0#eraienauin:m: n.asanaoroanizanonsCT::iw: :wer :S: III.is:O:p;e÷÷
The extent to which the members of a
society accept '
value in relationships
UNCERTAINTY ORIENTATION
ugnencefaeai.ntyintheirdailysituaronsanaiiue.in#
"
7%7%9ainatynatinaueputmance
°
Refers to common
ways used by people to handle
uncertainty
avoidance
UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE
comfortablewithuncertaentyandambiguity.ae
The Eastern cultures
uncertainty avoidance
°
degree to which the members of a
society feel un - :
Western cultures :
uncertainty acceptance
COLLECTIVISM
Behaviorbasedonconcernsforothersandcaropre.fr
for traditions and values .
er
harmony
Conflict resolution
-
enhancing strategies of
°
might 've rooted in a scarcity of resources
INDIVIDUALISM
::::::m:e:::÷:÷:ri::r:÷:
complex behavior based on concern for oneself 0
prefer competitive strategies for coral ich resolution
to which one
society belongs .
Cultural Psychology
, Lecture 1
Chapter 1 + Henrich, Heine, & Norenzayan, 2010
,The weirdest people in the world? (Henrich, Heine, & Norenzayan, 2010)
1. The database in the behavioral sciences is drawn from an extremely narrow slice of human
diversity
2. Behavioral scientists routinely assume that their findings from this narrow slice generalize to
the species
It seems problematic to generalize from industrialized populations to humans more broadly,
in the absence of supportive empirical evidence
Industrialized samples are outliers in studies about visual illusions, social motivations
(fairness), folkbiological cognition, and spatial cognition
Participants
68% are from the US
96% are from Western industrialized countries
Authors
73% of first authors were at American universities
9% were at universities in Western countries
-> 96% of psychological samples come from countries with only 12% of the world's population
, pp. 1-29 ch. 1
Understanding Cross-Cultural
Psychology
1.tw/tATlSCR0SS-CULTURA#CHOLOGY?
Cross cultural psychologists attempt to issues identifying exploring people 's similarities and
° -
resolve by and differences
understand events around them requirements, and traditions
•
people societal
'
to
learn according to their parents wishes , of
their ancestors
these conditions vary from place
•
to place
CROSS CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY
t.7.ua?.:n:.:mmam:ntiue.on:.aggI
-
"
: 7%1%99.9: saanana.in?...:Yenyinsreasonsrorsuanaiuersity
in
establish psychological
•
universals
^
V
I
CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY
meaninoauiinussa-weenaau.ua#oiIYntueYoa:77u If :@IIe?.ae?nawhn7iona:.isognu.gmeaninosauwnenuieuea
cultural psychology seeks to discover
,
the psychology of its individuals .
t.2BASKDEFINTIONSA.2ACULTURECULTURE.t
s.e ?ajaeudybYoamnYI9Ea9IaYnoYnFnEegena
set of attitudes behaviours and
° Attitudes beliefs, values , general knowledge opinions superstitions and
symbols
=
, , , ,
o 576877: : norms ,
roles , customs , traditions , habits , practices .
and fashions
°
to the next . Symbols represent things or ideas ; the meaning is bestowed on them by people
Culture glasses that
pair constantly looking through evaluate
°
=
a of we are a schema to help
-
us
and organize information
°
Explicit characteristics
•
the set of observable acts found in this
regularly culture
•
overt customs ,
observable practices , and typical behavioural responses
°
Implicit characteristics
the
organizing principles inferred to lie behind
•
that these
are regularities
on the basis of consistent of explicit
patterns culture
•
t.2.LSOCLETY.RACE.ANDETHNK.CI
RACE
°
Differences between races are often evolutionat (
geographical isolation)
:n??Iftg÷
Physical populations
tgfmayaaar.ua?!an!PqYen9csauiy9I7ae
characteristics
•
most appear in an
°
Race as social
a
category
it indicates particular experiences shared by many people happen to
•
who
belong to " "
a race
•
Race important element of identification
peoples
=
, ETHNICITY NATION
:ia::: :::::::::::::n÷ii:¥÷aa.ua
Ethnicity usually indicates cultural heritage ,
the A nation is defined as a group of a people who share
often religion and geographic territory .
RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION
%9e.is?.o: : : ieage..a:.: s.anapraaiC
Religious affiliation indicates an individual's
t.2.3KNOWLEDGEINCROSS-CULTURALPSYCHOLOAISC.IE
NTIFK KNOWLEDGE POPULAR ( FOLK) KNOWLEDGE
t.ne.%Fa.ie?.er: : e.m:n:w:.menIT ;:aggi:÷÷z÷÷goaniasa
this
type of
knowledge is derived from Everyday assumptions ranging from commonly
psychological phenomena .
°
Popular beliefs have a tremendous influence on the lives of billions of people
scientific competition
knowledge constant
knowledge
•
remains in with popular
Simplistic generalizations
°
are inaccurate
but useful : behavioral system
•
immune
IDEOLOGICAL ( VALUE -
BASED) KNOWLEDGE
::iaua÷.si:91?rawroiIea.anatI
The
principles of ideological knowledge typically not to
challenge
°
are
open
I unquestionable
•
values
LEGAL KNOWLEDGE
ra 99.%dfongsgfhiadogirfae saenaf.hn?nrignao
Legal knowledge provides grounds for important decisions
°
knowledge encapsulated in the law and
oeagii.gyoou.raieeaa.naa.aenea.mu
'
marriage peoples sanity
. .
the
individuals .
? The four types of
knowledge are deeply interconnected ?
t.3CULTURALTRADITIONAL.IS#
::;:rg÷niiiiiia%iiiiiiiEiiiiiaeaiaea
TRADITIONAL CULTURE
.÷im?:gsar:anYIinmaes.a:aas:net.raai:onm::.eT
us .
: :O: assign:O:÷::u:reggae::
is placed on custom and routine
sina.i.im/: o:a: :n: e:i: ia:i:eEn:si o7i:'
is placed on individual choice
Tessman .
, /
°
III.nisnaumdaenar.enia.hn?hjan ojyneag.io?n..9ignaabeituew.eengooaanaevil
between good and inhuman
°
Truth is not debatable ; it's established and 0 Truth is revealed through the competition of ideas .
|
doesn't Individuals '
restricted
choices
strongly
0
change are not
°
Individuals choices
'
are restricted to the to the boundaries of social prescriptions (e.g ,
boundaries of social prescriptions Ce premarital , extramarital and homosexual
/
g
-
,
.
premarital ,
extramarital , and homosexual behaviors are generally tolerated
behaviors)
With more choices
psychological problems
°
come
choice congestion
•
frustration concerning mistakes people make when
exercising their options
•
t.4EMPIRKALETAUINATIONOFCUL.TW#
POWER DISTANCE
t.am:0#eraienauin:m: n.asanaoroanizanonsCT::iw: :wer :S: III.is:O:p;e÷÷
The extent to which the members of a
society accept '
value in relationships
UNCERTAINTY ORIENTATION
ugnencefaeai.ntyintheirdailysituaronsanaiiue.in#
"
7%7%9ainatynatinaueputmance
°
Refers to common
ways used by people to handle
uncertainty
avoidance
UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE
comfortablewithuncertaentyandambiguity.ae
The Eastern cultures
uncertainty avoidance
°
degree to which the members of a
society feel un - :
Western cultures :
uncertainty acceptance
COLLECTIVISM
Behaviorbasedonconcernsforothersandcaropre.fr
for traditions and values .
er
harmony
Conflict resolution
-
enhancing strategies of
°
might 've rooted in a scarcity of resources
INDIVIDUALISM
::::::m:e:::÷:÷:ri::r:÷:
complex behavior based on concern for oneself 0
prefer competitive strategies for coral ich resolution
to which one
society belongs .
