Background: Dichotic Controls
Attention is a cognitive process that enables us to select listening -Brennel mark 4 recorder was modified with
information and concentrate on it whilst we reject other When tasks are twin amplifiers to give 2 outputs, one in
information. presented to 2 each ear.
-Cherry = Looked at cocktail party effect. Got people to different stimuli -Loudness was matched with +1 db of ppt.
listen through headphones, while 2 different messages were into each ear -All completed 4 trail tasks.
played. Found that little information was remembered from through -Speech rate was approx. 150 words per
unattended message. headphones. minute.
-Broadbent = compared information in brain to a -All recordings were done by 1 male speaker.
computer. Suggested there was a sensory filter mechanism Mora
EARLY ON in processing.
y
Experiment 1 Experiment 3 Ethics
Aim = To provide empirical tests of Cherry’s Aim = To see if expectation may affect the + Ppts knew they were
findings. way message to rejected ear is processed. taking part in the study
Sample = No sample size. Sample = 2 groups of 14 participants. and they completed
-Lab experiment with repeated measures design. -Lab experiment with repeated measures practice trials so they
-IV = What played in shadowed ear and rejected design. knew what to expect.
ear. -IV’s = Digits inserted in 1 or both messages -Deceived as in
-DV= Number of words recalled in rejected ear. and asked questions on shadowed task or just experiment 2 they were
Procedure = One ppt had information read in both digits heard. told the aim to make as
ears and they had to shadow everything said in -DV = Number of digits recorded correctly few errors in shadowing
shadowed ear. Asked to recall words from rejected Procedure = Asked to shadow 1 of 2 dichotic task but they wanted to
ear. Gap of 30s between test of recall and word messages test if message could
list was similar to passage. Digits were inserted either at end, both or break cognitive block.
Results = Found you can recall words if you pay neither.
Experiment 2 Reliability
Aim= To see if kind of message could break through +High internal reliability as there was many controls, such as
cognitive block to rejected ear. everyone wore headphone and recordings were all done by 1 male
Sample = 12 participants experimenter.
-Lab experiment with repeated measures desing. +Standardised procedure for all participants.
-IV = instruction to rejected ear contained ppts name.
-DV= number of instructions to rejected ear that were Validity
responded to. +High concurrent validity as moray was trying to validate Cherry’s
Procedure= Ppts shadowed 10 paired passages of light findings.
fiction. Told responses to shadowed ear were recorded -Lacks population validity as students were used so they may have a
and to make minimal errors and ignore rejected ear. higher level of cognitive control.
Results = Cognitive block can be broken down if ppts -Lacks ecological validity as it was a lab experiment so they study is
hear something personal like their name. highly controlled with everyone wearing headphones and listening to
Attention is a cognitive process that enables us to select listening -Brennel mark 4 recorder was modified with
information and concentrate on it whilst we reject other When tasks are twin amplifiers to give 2 outputs, one in
information. presented to 2 each ear.
-Cherry = Looked at cocktail party effect. Got people to different stimuli -Loudness was matched with +1 db of ppt.
listen through headphones, while 2 different messages were into each ear -All completed 4 trail tasks.
played. Found that little information was remembered from through -Speech rate was approx. 150 words per
unattended message. headphones. minute.
-Broadbent = compared information in brain to a -All recordings were done by 1 male speaker.
computer. Suggested there was a sensory filter mechanism Mora
EARLY ON in processing.
y
Experiment 1 Experiment 3 Ethics
Aim = To provide empirical tests of Cherry’s Aim = To see if expectation may affect the + Ppts knew they were
findings. way message to rejected ear is processed. taking part in the study
Sample = No sample size. Sample = 2 groups of 14 participants. and they completed
-Lab experiment with repeated measures design. -Lab experiment with repeated measures practice trials so they
-IV = What played in shadowed ear and rejected design. knew what to expect.
ear. -IV’s = Digits inserted in 1 or both messages -Deceived as in
-DV= Number of words recalled in rejected ear. and asked questions on shadowed task or just experiment 2 they were
Procedure = One ppt had information read in both digits heard. told the aim to make as
ears and they had to shadow everything said in -DV = Number of digits recorded correctly few errors in shadowing
shadowed ear. Asked to recall words from rejected Procedure = Asked to shadow 1 of 2 dichotic task but they wanted to
ear. Gap of 30s between test of recall and word messages test if message could
list was similar to passage. Digits were inserted either at end, both or break cognitive block.
Results = Found you can recall words if you pay neither.
Experiment 2 Reliability
Aim= To see if kind of message could break through +High internal reliability as there was many controls, such as
cognitive block to rejected ear. everyone wore headphone and recordings were all done by 1 male
Sample = 12 participants experimenter.
-Lab experiment with repeated measures desing. +Standardised procedure for all participants.
-IV = instruction to rejected ear contained ppts name.
-DV= number of instructions to rejected ear that were Validity
responded to. +High concurrent validity as moray was trying to validate Cherry’s
Procedure= Ppts shadowed 10 paired passages of light findings.
fiction. Told responses to shadowed ear were recorded -Lacks population validity as students were used so they may have a
and to make minimal errors and ignore rejected ear. higher level of cognitive control.
Results = Cognitive block can be broken down if ppts -Lacks ecological validity as it was a lab experiment so they study is
hear something personal like their name. highly controlled with everyone wearing headphones and listening to
