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Empirical formula A formula which shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element in a compound Molecular formula A formula which shows the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule Previous Play Next Rewind 10 seconds Move forward 10 seconds Unmute 0:00 / 0:15 Full screen Brainpower Read More Molar Gas Volume The volume of one mole of gas under specified conditions of temperature and pressure e.g 293K and 1 atmosphere pressure Homologous series compounds which have the same general formula, similar chemical properties, show a gradation in physical properties and successive members differ by a CH2 group Functional group Reactive group within a compound Structural isomers Molecules which have the same molecular formula but a different structural formula Geometric isomers Molecules with the same structural formula, but different arrangement of atoms due to the presence of one or more C=C bond Saturated hydrocarbon Contains no C=C or C triple C bond. Hydrocarbon Contains hydrogen and carbon only Substitution Replacing one atom or group with a different atom or group Homolytic fission Bond breaking in which one of the shared electrons goes to each atom Heterolytic fission Bond breaking in which both electrons in the shared pair go to a single atom radical A particle with an unpaired electron Unsaturated hydrocarbon Contain at least one C=C bond or C triple C bond Sigma bond A covalent bond formed by the linear overlap of atomic orbitals. Pi bond A covalent bond formed by the sideways overlap of p orbitals. Bond length The distance between the nuclei of two covalently bonded atoms. Hydrogenation Addition of a hydrogen molecule across a C=C. Electrophile An ion or molecule which attacks areas of high electron density Primary carbocation A carbocation which has one carbon atom directly bonded to the positively charged carbon. Secondary carbocation A carbocation which has two carbon atoms directly bonded to the positively charged carbon. Tertiary carbocation A carbocation which has three carbon atoms directly bonded to the positively charged carbon.