Kettering Clinical Simulation Pathology | Latest Version | 2024/2025 | Graded A+

Kettering Clinical Simulation Pathology | Latest Version | 2024/2025 | Graded A+ - Name two types of COPD. They include Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis. - Describe characteristics of Emphysema. Emphysema patients are often referred to as "Pink Puffers." They typically have a thin, underweight body with a barrel chest. Their respiratory pattern includes pursed-lip breathing and hyperresonant or tympanic breath sounds. Emphysema is associated with decreased DLCO (Diffusing Capacity of the Lungs for Carbon Monoxide). - What are common treatments for Emphysema? Treatment includes administering 24-28% oxygen, bronchodilators (such as SABA, LABA, Anticholinergics), corticosteroids, bronchial hygiene techniques, non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV), and annual flu vaccines. - Describe characteristics of Chronic Bronchitis. Chronic Bronchitis patients are known as "Blue Bloaters." They typically have a stocky, overweight build and present with productive sputum, rhonchi, crackles, and wheezing. They may use accessory muscles for breathing and exhibit cyanosis and digital clubbing. - What are common treatments for Chronic Bronchitis? Treatment is similar to Emphysema and includes 24-28% oxygen, bronchodilators (SABA, LABA, Anticholinergics), corticosteroids, bronchial hygiene techniques, NPPV, and annual flu vaccines. - What is a special diagnostic test for Bronchiectasis? A CT scan is used for diagnosis. - What are common treatments for Bronchiectasis? Treatment includes bronchopulmonary hygiene, lung expansion therapy, antibiotics, expectorants, sympathomimetic and parasympatholytic agents, and surgical interventions if necessary. - What special test is used for Sleep Disorders? Polysomnography is used for diagnosis. - What treatments are used for Chest Trauma, including Flail Chest or Rib Fractures? Treatment includes analgesics, hyperinflation therapy, surgical interventions if necessary, bronchopulmonary hygiene, and measures to prevent pneumonia. - What is the treatment approach for Pneumothorax based on its size? For less than 20% collapse, bed rest and limited activity are recommended. For over 20% collapse, a chest tube may be necessary; needle aspiration is considered if the patient is unstable. Hyperinflation therapy is also utilized. - How is Hemothorax typically treated? Treatment involves thoracentesis or chest tube placement, along with hyperinflation therapy if needed. - What special test is used to assess COHB levels in Thermal Injury cases? COHB levels are assessed via co-oximetry. - Describe the immediate treatment approach for Thermal Injuries. Immediate actions include assessing the airway and cardiovascular status, administering 100% oxygen, and considering hyperbaric therapy. Additional measures include establishing an IV line, monitoring ABG, electrolytes, and fluid status, performing bronchoscopy, ensuring pulmonary hygiene, and using bronchodilators, mucolytics, and anti-inflammatory drugs as needed. - What special monitoring is required for ARDS treatment? Hemodynamic monitoring is essential to assess for elevated Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAP) with normal Pulmonary Capillary Wedge Pressure (PCWP). - What is a key aspect of ARDS treatment? Monitoring hemodynamics closely throughout treatment is crucial.