Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1 Questions and Answers | Latest Update | 2024/2025 | Already Passed

Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 1 Questions and Answers | Latest Update | 2024/2025 | Already Passed **What happens during atrophy, and what are the physiological and pathological causes?** **E. Cells decrease in size** **P. Cells remain functional; an imbalance between protein synthesis and degradation increases catabolism of intracellular organelles, reducing structural components of the cell** **Physiological example:** Thymus gland shrinking in early childhood **Pathological example:** Muscle atrophy due to decreased workload, pressure, use, blood supply, nutrition, hormonal stimulation, or nervous stimulation **How does hyperplasia occur, and what are the physiological and pathological causes?** **E. Increase in the number of cells, requiring mitosis (cell division); cell size does not change** **P. Increased rate of division; may be compensatory, hormonal, or pathological** **Physiological example:** Tissue mass increases after damage or partial resection, like liver regeneration **Pathological example:** Abnormal proliferation of normal cells, usually caused by increased hormonal stimulation (e.g., endometrial hyperplasia) **What characterizes dysplasia, and what are the physiological and pathological examples?** **E. Not true adaptation; cells undergo abnormal changes in size, shape, and organization** **P. Caused by cell injury or irritation, characterized by disordered cell growth, also known as atypical hyperplasia or precancerous changes** **Physiological example:** Not applicable **Pathological example:** Squamous dysplasia of the cervix due to HPV, often detected in Pap smears **What is metaplasia, and what are its physiological and pathological examples?** **E. Reversible change where one type of cell is replaced by another type for survival** **P. Reversible; results from exposure to chronic stressors, injury, or irritation; stimulus induces reprogramming of stem cells under the influence of cytokines and growth factors** **Physiological example:** Barrett's esophagus, where normal squamous cells change to columnar epithelial cells in response to acid reflux **Pathological example:** Normal ciliated epithelial cells in the bronchial lining are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells in smokers **What is hypoxia injury, and what are its causes and clinical manifestations?** **E. Inadequate oxygenation of tissues** **P. Decreased mitochondrial function leads to reduced ATP production, increases anaerobic metabolism, and eventual cell death** **Clinical manifestations:** Hypoxia, cyanosis, cognitive impairment, lethargy **What are free radicals and ROS, and what are their impacts?** **E. Normal byproducts of ATP production that can overwhelm mitochondria and exhaust intracellular antioxidants** **P. Cause lipid peroxidation, protein damage, and DNA fragmentation** **Clinical manifestations:** Contribute to the development of conditions like Alzheimer's, heart disease, Parkinson's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Ethanol E. mood altering drug, long term effects on liver and nutritional status P. metabolized by liver, generates free radicals C.M. CNS depression, nutrient deficiencies-Mag, Vit B6, thiamine, PO4, inflammation and fatty infiltration of liver, hepatomegaly, leads