NURS 5315 Endocrine | Latest Update | 2024/2025 | Graded A+

NURS 5315 Endocrine | Latest Update | 2024/2025 | Graded A+ **What are thyroid hormones composed of?** Thyroid hormones include T3 (triiodothyronine), T4 (thyroxine), and calcitonin. **Name the hormones produced by the pancreas.** The pancreas produces insulin and glucagon. **Describe the hormones secreted by the adrenal glands.** The adrenal glands consist of the cortex, which secretes steroids such as cortisone and aldosterone, and the medulla, which secretes catecholamines such as epinephrine and norepinephrine. **What defines primary thyroid disorders?** Primary thyroid disorders result in alterations of thyroid hormone levels, which subsequently affect pituitary thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) through feedback mechanisms. **Explain subclinical thyroid disease.** Subclinical thyroid disease is characterized by abnormal lab values without significant symptoms. **What are secondary thyroid disorders?** Secondary thyroid disorders arise from dysfunction in pituitary gland TSH production. **Define thyrotoxicosis (hyperthyroidism).** Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by elevated thyroid hormone levels, low TSH levels, and high T4 levels. Symptoms include increased metabolic rate, heat intolerance, goiter, weight loss, tremors, tachycardia, and other systemic manifestations. **Describe a thyrotoxic crisis (thyroid storm).** A thyrotoxic crisis is an exacerbated state of hyperthyroidism triggered by precipitating events such as infection or trauma. Symptoms include severe agitation, delirium, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and can lead to coma and death if untreated. **Explain Grave's disease.** Grave's disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, characterized by autoimmune antibodies that mimic TSH, leading to excessive T3 and T4 secretion, goiter formation, and possibly exophthalmos and extraocular muscle weakness. **What causes hyperthyroidism from nodular thyroid disease?** Hyperthyroidism from nodular thyroid disease results from follicular hypertrophy and excess hormone secretion due to thyroid nodules, often associated with normal physiological changes, autoimmune factors, or genetic influences. **Define primary hypothyroidism.** Primary hypothyroidism originates from defects within the thyroid gland itself, leading to insufficient thyroid hormone production. Causes include congenital defects, thyroid surgery, radiation, iodine deficiency, or medications affecting thyroid function. **Describe secondary hypothyroidism.** Secondary hypothyroidism results from malfunctioning pituitary or hypothalamus glands, leading to reduced TSH production. Common