Bio 280 Exam 1 Questions And Answers!!

"I wouldn't touch that with a 10ft pole" - There was epidemics going around and multiple people would die and during this time people would die and they were so tired from taking care of people they didn't have time to bury them so they would be carried out to the curb and picked up by a plague cart driven by horse, they would use a stick so he could get bodies w/o being able to breath in the miasma Alexander Fleming - Had PHD in microbiology and a MD was doing research All bacterial cells have these parts.. - Cell wall Ribosomes Genome Cell membrane Cytoplasm Anthrax is caused by - bacillus anthracis Anton van Leeuwenhoek - From Dutch (enemy country of England); he was a merchant importer/exporter; politician and keeper of the weights and keep people from cheating you on weights Arrangements of bacteria - • strepto- chains • staphylo- grapelike clusters • diplo- twos • other: tetrads, sarcina- square packets of 4 and 8 • Singles, irregular, ect. Cell membrane - • Every living cell has a cell membrane surrounding it • It is a selectively permeable membrane • They take stuff in; they have active and passive transport through that membrane• Phospholipid bilayer: with integral and peripheral proteins to get stuff through • Only thing that is different from our cell membranes is that some of the sterols (fats found in the cell membrane) are different Cytoplasm - • Very similar to ours also it is indistinguishable from ours other than they don't have membrane bound organelles but the liquid portion is not unique • Watery matrix with a cytoskeleton in it • In it we find dissolved molecules that are building blocks for cells to make its own parts and are essential to life • We find partially digested molecules we use for ATP production • If they were to store anything inside the cell it has to be insoluble because theres no components • Inclusions of lipids, starch, etc. Famous covered jar experiment - 1. Leave meat covered maggots would arise 2. When he left it covered there was no maggots 3. They said they needed air so he used gauze so air could come through but no flys could First Microscope (year and who) - Zacharias Jansen: 1590 General prokaryotic characteristics - o Prokaryotic-Simple o No membrane bound organelles, before the nucleus, no compartilization o Unique features, physical features and pathways that are unique to bacteria, that are "targeted" for drugs Golden Age - year period where we turned the corner and entered modern microbiology How can you weaken bacteria - o Aging Culture o Drying culture or tissue containing organism to powder it was able to give you immunity to the live healthy organism (*rabies-virus)o Exposure to weak acids not enough to kill them just enough to weaken them o Exposure to other harsh chemicals (formalin the liquid version of formalathyde) o Passage through animals (like forced evolution) How did he come up with attenuation - Accidental (chicken Cholera) tried using the postulates trying to show the Cholera caused the disease; he did step two growing the cholera in a culture by itself; When trying to do step 3 the chickens did not get sick so he was like I failed; He went back to his lab and realized his culture was old so maybe it was to old to cause so he grew up new fresh bacteria and took the chickens again and only half got sick (another public screw up); He looked and the chickens that failed to get sick were the ones that got the old bacteria