PHL232 University of Toronto Questions With Correct Answers

PHL232 University of Toronto Questions With Correct Answers Scepticism - correct answer The view that where p is a statement and S is a thinking subject, 'S knows that p' is always false. Sceptical Hypothesis - correct answer A hypothesis whose truth entails the truth of scepticism about some class of propositions. Classic "brain in a vat" hypothesis - correct answer 1. I know that if I'm in a lecture, then I am not a brain in a vat. (K(p => q)) 2. I do not know that I am not a brain in a vat. (!K(q)) 3. If I know that I am in a lecture, than I know that I am not a brain in a bat. (K(p) => K(q)) 4. Then I do know know that I am in a lecture. (!K(p)) Justified True Belief account of knowledge - correct answer Says that for S to know p, it is both necessary and sufficient that: - S believes that p. - S's belief that p is true. - S's belief that p is justified. Necessary vs Sufficient - correct answer - p is sufficient for q: p => q (p being true is enough to ensure that q is true) - p is necessary for q: p => q (q can't be true without p being true) - p is necessary and sufficient for q: p <=> q (they're both true or both false) Foundationalism - correct answer Foundationalist account of justification is characterised as: - Some beliefs are basic: whether thare are justified does not depend on whether any other belief is justified. - A belief is justified iff it is a basic belief or derived from one or more basic beliefs.