• QUESTION: A 2-year-old child presents with a 3-day history of fever, irritability, and a rash
on the trunk and face. The rash started as erythematous macules and progressed to vesicles and
pustules. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• a. Measles
• b. Varicella
• c. Scarlet fever
• d. Hand, foot, and mouth disease
A: b. Varicella
• Principle: Varicella (chickenpox) typically presents with a fever and a rash that starts as
macules and progresses to vesicles and pustules, commonly appearing on the trunk and
face.
• QUIZ--: Which of the following is a recommended screening test for all newborns?
• a. Hearing test
• b. Vision test
• c. Scoliosis screening
• d. Dental exam
A: a. Hearing test
• Principle: Newborn hearing screening is recommended to detect hearing loss early and
to initiate early intervention if needed.
• QUIZ--: A 4-year-old child presents with a harsh, barking cough and stridor. The symptoms
worsen at night. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• a. Asthma
• b. Bronchiolitis
• c. Croup
• d. Epiglottitis
A: c. Croup
• Principle: Croup is characterized by a barking cough and stridor, often worse at night,
due to inflammation of the upper airways.
• QUIZ--: Which of the following vaccines is recommended for administration at birth?
• a. Hepatitis B
• b. DTaP
, • c. MMR
• d. Varicella
A: a. Hepatitis B
• Principle: The Hepatitis B vaccine is the only vaccine recommended to be administered
at birth.
• QUIZ--: A 15-year-old adolescent presents with acne. Which of the following is the first-line
treatment for mild to moderate acne?
• a. Oral antibiotics
• b. Benzoyl peroxide
• c. Topical corticosteroids
• d. Oral isotretinoin
A: b. Benzoyl peroxide
• Principle: Benzoyl peroxide is often the first-line treatment for mild to moderate acne
due to its antibacterial properties and ability to reduce inflammation.
• QUIZ--: Which developmental milestone is expected for a 6-month-old infant?
• a. Sitting without support
• b. Saying single words
• c. Walking with assistance
• d. Using a pincer grasp
A: a. Sitting without support
• Principle: By 6 months, most infants can sit without support, an important
developmental milestone.
• QUIZ--: A 7-year-old child presents with enuresis. Which initial evaluation is most
appropriate?
• a. Urinalysis
• b. Abdominal ultrasound
• c. MRI of the spine
• d. Voiding cystourethrogram
A: a. Urinalysis
• Principle: Urinalysis is an appropriate initial evaluation to rule out urinary tract infection
or diabetes in a child with enuresis.
,• QUIZ--: Which condition is associated with a positive Ortolani maneuver in a newborn?
• a. Congenital hip dysplasia
• b. Talipes eQUIZ--uinovarus
• c. Spina bifida
• d. Torticollis
A: a. Congenital hip dysplasia
• Principle: The Ortolani maneuver is used to detect congenital hip dysplasia in newborns
by checking for hip dislocation.
• QUIZ--: A 10-year-old child with asthma has been using a short-acting beta-agonist inhaler
more than twice a week. What is the next step in management?
• a. Continue current treatment
• b. Add a long-acting beta-agonist
• c. Add a low-dose inhaled corticosteroid
• d. Add an oral corticosteroid
A: c. Add a low-dose inhaled corticosteroid
• Principle: Using a short-acting beta-agonist more than twice a week indicates
uncontrolled asthma, and the addition of a low-dose inhaled corticosteroid is
recommended.
• QUIZ--: A 5-year-old child presents with fatigue, pallor, and petechiae. Laboratory tests
reveal pancytopenia. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• a. Iron deficiency anemia
• b. Aplastic anemia
• c. Thalassemia
• d. Sickle cell disease
A: b. Aplastic anemia
• Principle: Pancytopenia (reduction in all types of blood cells) in a child with fatigue,
pallor, and petechiae is indicative of aplastic anemia.
• QUIZ--: At what age should a child typically be able to ride a tricycle?
• a. 18 months
• b. 2 years
• c. 3 years
• d. 4 years
, A: c. 3 years
• Principle: Riding a tricycle is a developmental milestone typically achieved by children
around the age of 3 years.
• QUIZ--: A newborn has a positive Guthrie test for phenylketonuria (PKU). What dietary
management is reQUIZ--uired?
• a. High-protein diet
• b. Low-phenylalanine diet
• c. High-phenylalanine diet
• d. Low-fat diet
A: b. Low-phenylalanine diet
• Principle: A low-phenylalanine diet is essential for managing PKU to prevent
intellectual disability and other complications.
• QUIZ--: Which of the following is a common principle of bronchiolitis in infants?
• a. Streptococcus pneumoniae
• b. Haemophilus influenzae
• c. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
• d. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
A: c. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
• Principle: RSV is the most common principle of bronchiolitis, a lower respiratory tract
infection in infants.
• QUIZ--: A 4-year-old child presents with periorbital edema, oliguria, and hypertension.
Laboratory results show hematuria and proteinuria. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• a. Acute glomerulonephritis
• b. Nephrotic syndrome
• c. Urinary tract infection
• d. Wilms' tumor
A: a. Acute glomerulonephritis
• Principle: Periorbital edema, oliguria, hypertension, hematuria, and proteinuria are
characteristic findings of acute glomerulonephritis.
• QUIZ--: Which reflex is typically present at birth and disappears by 4-6 months of age?
• a. Moro reflex
on the trunk and face. The rash started as erythematous macules and progressed to vesicles and
pustules. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• a. Measles
• b. Varicella
• c. Scarlet fever
• d. Hand, foot, and mouth disease
A: b. Varicella
• Principle: Varicella (chickenpox) typically presents with a fever and a rash that starts as
macules and progresses to vesicles and pustules, commonly appearing on the trunk and
face.
• QUIZ--: Which of the following is a recommended screening test for all newborns?
• a. Hearing test
• b. Vision test
• c. Scoliosis screening
• d. Dental exam
A: a. Hearing test
• Principle: Newborn hearing screening is recommended to detect hearing loss early and
to initiate early intervention if needed.
• QUIZ--: A 4-year-old child presents with a harsh, barking cough and stridor. The symptoms
worsen at night. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• a. Asthma
• b. Bronchiolitis
• c. Croup
• d. Epiglottitis
A: c. Croup
• Principle: Croup is characterized by a barking cough and stridor, often worse at night,
due to inflammation of the upper airways.
• QUIZ--: Which of the following vaccines is recommended for administration at birth?
• a. Hepatitis B
• b. DTaP
, • c. MMR
• d. Varicella
A: a. Hepatitis B
• Principle: The Hepatitis B vaccine is the only vaccine recommended to be administered
at birth.
• QUIZ--: A 15-year-old adolescent presents with acne. Which of the following is the first-line
treatment for mild to moderate acne?
• a. Oral antibiotics
• b. Benzoyl peroxide
• c. Topical corticosteroids
• d. Oral isotretinoin
A: b. Benzoyl peroxide
• Principle: Benzoyl peroxide is often the first-line treatment for mild to moderate acne
due to its antibacterial properties and ability to reduce inflammation.
• QUIZ--: Which developmental milestone is expected for a 6-month-old infant?
• a. Sitting without support
• b. Saying single words
• c. Walking with assistance
• d. Using a pincer grasp
A: a. Sitting without support
• Principle: By 6 months, most infants can sit without support, an important
developmental milestone.
• QUIZ--: A 7-year-old child presents with enuresis. Which initial evaluation is most
appropriate?
• a. Urinalysis
• b. Abdominal ultrasound
• c. MRI of the spine
• d. Voiding cystourethrogram
A: a. Urinalysis
• Principle: Urinalysis is an appropriate initial evaluation to rule out urinary tract infection
or diabetes in a child with enuresis.
,• QUIZ--: Which condition is associated with a positive Ortolani maneuver in a newborn?
• a. Congenital hip dysplasia
• b. Talipes eQUIZ--uinovarus
• c. Spina bifida
• d. Torticollis
A: a. Congenital hip dysplasia
• Principle: The Ortolani maneuver is used to detect congenital hip dysplasia in newborns
by checking for hip dislocation.
• QUIZ--: A 10-year-old child with asthma has been using a short-acting beta-agonist inhaler
more than twice a week. What is the next step in management?
• a. Continue current treatment
• b. Add a long-acting beta-agonist
• c. Add a low-dose inhaled corticosteroid
• d. Add an oral corticosteroid
A: c. Add a low-dose inhaled corticosteroid
• Principle: Using a short-acting beta-agonist more than twice a week indicates
uncontrolled asthma, and the addition of a low-dose inhaled corticosteroid is
recommended.
• QUIZ--: A 5-year-old child presents with fatigue, pallor, and petechiae. Laboratory tests
reveal pancytopenia. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• a. Iron deficiency anemia
• b. Aplastic anemia
• c. Thalassemia
• d. Sickle cell disease
A: b. Aplastic anemia
• Principle: Pancytopenia (reduction in all types of blood cells) in a child with fatigue,
pallor, and petechiae is indicative of aplastic anemia.
• QUIZ--: At what age should a child typically be able to ride a tricycle?
• a. 18 months
• b. 2 years
• c. 3 years
• d. 4 years
, A: c. 3 years
• Principle: Riding a tricycle is a developmental milestone typically achieved by children
around the age of 3 years.
• QUIZ--: A newborn has a positive Guthrie test for phenylketonuria (PKU). What dietary
management is reQUIZ--uired?
• a. High-protein diet
• b. Low-phenylalanine diet
• c. High-phenylalanine diet
• d. Low-fat diet
A: b. Low-phenylalanine diet
• Principle: A low-phenylalanine diet is essential for managing PKU to prevent
intellectual disability and other complications.
• QUIZ--: Which of the following is a common principle of bronchiolitis in infants?
• a. Streptococcus pneumoniae
• b. Haemophilus influenzae
• c. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
• d. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
A: c. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
• Principle: RSV is the most common principle of bronchiolitis, a lower respiratory tract
infection in infants.
• QUIZ--: A 4-year-old child presents with periorbital edema, oliguria, and hypertension.
Laboratory results show hematuria and proteinuria. What is the most likely diagnosis?
• a. Acute glomerulonephritis
• b. Nephrotic syndrome
• c. Urinary tract infection
• d. Wilms' tumor
A: a. Acute glomerulonephritis
• Principle: Periorbital edema, oliguria, hypertension, hematuria, and proteinuria are
characteristic findings of acute glomerulonephritis.
• QUIZ--: Which reflex is typically present at birth and disappears by 4-6 months of age?
• a. Moro reflex
