Foundations chapter 5 quiz
-1.4 kg -✅✅ -In an RCT on weight loss, comparing low-carbohydrate diet
(<40 g/d) with low-fat diet (<30% of daily energy intake from fat [<7%
saturated fat]), the researchers determined that low-carbohydrate diet resulted
in greater weight loss: mean difference in change, -3.5 kg (95% CI, -5.6 to -1.4
kg) Based on the confidence interval provided, what is the lowest amount of
mean difference in weight change expected among the population if the
population followed the low-carbohydrate diet?
-3.5kg -✅✅ -Identify the primary outcome measure in the following abstract.
For the primary outcome measure, select the value that represents the point
estimate.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate diets are popular for weight loss, but their
cardiovascular effects have not been well-studied, particularly in diverse
populations.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet compared with
a low-fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors.
DESIGN: A randomized, parallel-group trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov:
NCT00609271)
SETTING: A large academic medical center.
PARTICIPANTS: 148 men and women without clinical cardiovascular disease
and diabetes.
INTERVENTION: A low-carbohydrate (<40 g/d) or low-fat (<30% of daily
energy intake from total fat [<7% saturated fat]) diet. Both groups received
dietary counseling at regular intervals throughout the trial.
MEASUREMENTS: Data on weight (kg), cardiovascular risk factors, and
dietary composition were collected at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months, with mean
difference in change in weight being the primary outcome of interest.
RESULTS: Sixty participants (82%) in the low-fat group and 59 (79%) in the
low-carbohydrate group completed the intervention. At 12 months, participants
on the low-carbohydrate diet had greater decreases in weight (mean
difference in change, -3.5 kg [95% CI, -5.6 to -1.4 kg]; P = 0.002), fat mass
(mean difference in change, -1.5% [CI, -2.6% to -0.4%]; P = 0.011), ratio of
total-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (mean difference in change,
-0.44 [CI, -0.71 to -0.16]; P = 0.002), and triglyceride level (mean difference in
change, -0.16 mmol/L [-14.1 mg/dL] [CI, -0.31 to -0.01 mmol/L {-27.4 to -0.8
mg/dL}]; P = 0.038) and greater increases in HDL cholesterol level (mean
, difference in change, 0.18 mmol/L [7.0 mg/dL] [CI, 0.08 to 0.28 mmol/L {3.0 to
11.
0.04 - ✅✅ -Use the following abstract to answer the question below.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: We previously reported that a randomized controlled trial of
antenatal micronutrient supplements in rural Nepal decreased the risk of low
birth weight by ~15%.
OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the effects of micronutrient
supplementation on growth and body composition in children of supplemented
mothers through school age.
DESIGN: Mothers received 1 of 5 micronutrient supplements daily: folic acid,
folic acid + iron, folic acid + iron + zinc, multiple micronutrients, or a control. All
of the supplements contained vitamin A) Children born during this trial were
revisited at age 6-8 y to measure height, weight, mid-upper arm
circumference, waist circumference, and triceps and subscapular skinfold
thicknesses. Arm fat and muscle area were estimated by using standard
formulas, and height-for-age, weight-for-age, and body mass index-for-age z
scores were calculated by using the World Health Organization growth
standard.
RESULTS: Of the 3771 surviving children, 3324 were revisited and consented
to anthropometric measurements. Maternal supplementation with folic acid +
iron + zinc resulted in an increase in mean height (0.64 cm; 95% CI: 0.04,
1.25) and a reduction in mean triceps skinfold thickness (-0.25 mm; 95% CI:
-0.44, -0.06), subscapular skinfold thickness (-0.20 mm; 95% CI: -0.33, -0.06),
and arm fat area (-0.18 cm2; 20.34, -0.01). No significant differences were
found between groups in mean weight or body mass index-for-age z scores,
waist circumference, or arm muscle area. Other micronutrient combinations
including a multiple micronutrient formulation failed to show a growth benefit.
CONCLUSION: Antenatal supplementation with zinc may benefit child growth,
particularly in areas where a deficiency of this nutrient is common.
Based o
0.64 - ✅✅ -Use the following abstract to answer the question below.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: We previously reported that a randomized controlled trial of
antenatal micronutrient supplements in rural Nepal decreased the risk of low
birth weight by ~15%.
-1.4 kg -✅✅ -In an RCT on weight loss, comparing low-carbohydrate diet
(<40 g/d) with low-fat diet (<30% of daily energy intake from fat [<7%
saturated fat]), the researchers determined that low-carbohydrate diet resulted
in greater weight loss: mean difference in change, -3.5 kg (95% CI, -5.6 to -1.4
kg) Based on the confidence interval provided, what is the lowest amount of
mean difference in weight change expected among the population if the
population followed the low-carbohydrate diet?
-3.5kg -✅✅ -Identify the primary outcome measure in the following abstract.
For the primary outcome measure, select the value that represents the point
estimate.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Low-carbohydrate diets are popular for weight loss, but their
cardiovascular effects have not been well-studied, particularly in diverse
populations.
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of a low-carbohydrate diet compared with
a low-fat diet on body weight and cardiovascular risk factors.
DESIGN: A randomized, parallel-group trial. (ClinicalTrials.gov:
NCT00609271)
SETTING: A large academic medical center.
PARTICIPANTS: 148 men and women without clinical cardiovascular disease
and diabetes.
INTERVENTION: A low-carbohydrate (<40 g/d) or low-fat (<30% of daily
energy intake from total fat [<7% saturated fat]) diet. Both groups received
dietary counseling at regular intervals throughout the trial.
MEASUREMENTS: Data on weight (kg), cardiovascular risk factors, and
dietary composition were collected at 0, 3, 6, and 12 months, with mean
difference in change in weight being the primary outcome of interest.
RESULTS: Sixty participants (82%) in the low-fat group and 59 (79%) in the
low-carbohydrate group completed the intervention. At 12 months, participants
on the low-carbohydrate diet had greater decreases in weight (mean
difference in change, -3.5 kg [95% CI, -5.6 to -1.4 kg]; P = 0.002), fat mass
(mean difference in change, -1.5% [CI, -2.6% to -0.4%]; P = 0.011), ratio of
total-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (mean difference in change,
-0.44 [CI, -0.71 to -0.16]; P = 0.002), and triglyceride level (mean difference in
change, -0.16 mmol/L [-14.1 mg/dL] [CI, -0.31 to -0.01 mmol/L {-27.4 to -0.8
mg/dL}]; P = 0.038) and greater increases in HDL cholesterol level (mean
, difference in change, 0.18 mmol/L [7.0 mg/dL] [CI, 0.08 to 0.28 mmol/L {3.0 to
11.
0.04 - ✅✅ -Use the following abstract to answer the question below.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: We previously reported that a randomized controlled trial of
antenatal micronutrient supplements in rural Nepal decreased the risk of low
birth weight by ~15%.
OBJECTIVE: The objective was to examine the effects of micronutrient
supplementation on growth and body composition in children of supplemented
mothers through school age.
DESIGN: Mothers received 1 of 5 micronutrient supplements daily: folic acid,
folic acid + iron, folic acid + iron + zinc, multiple micronutrients, or a control. All
of the supplements contained vitamin A) Children born during this trial were
revisited at age 6-8 y to measure height, weight, mid-upper arm
circumference, waist circumference, and triceps and subscapular skinfold
thicknesses. Arm fat and muscle area were estimated by using standard
formulas, and height-for-age, weight-for-age, and body mass index-for-age z
scores were calculated by using the World Health Organization growth
standard.
RESULTS: Of the 3771 surviving children, 3324 were revisited and consented
to anthropometric measurements. Maternal supplementation with folic acid +
iron + zinc resulted in an increase in mean height (0.64 cm; 95% CI: 0.04,
1.25) and a reduction in mean triceps skinfold thickness (-0.25 mm; 95% CI:
-0.44, -0.06), subscapular skinfold thickness (-0.20 mm; 95% CI: -0.33, -0.06),
and arm fat area (-0.18 cm2; 20.34, -0.01). No significant differences were
found between groups in mean weight or body mass index-for-age z scores,
waist circumference, or arm muscle area. Other micronutrient combinations
including a multiple micronutrient formulation failed to show a growth benefit.
CONCLUSION: Antenatal supplementation with zinc may benefit child growth,
particularly in areas where a deficiency of this nutrient is common.
Based o
0.64 - ✅✅ -Use the following abstract to answer the question below.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: We previously reported that a randomized controlled trial of
antenatal micronutrient supplements in rural Nepal decreased the risk of low
birth weight by ~15%.
