Sociology Straighterline FULL Exam Questions and Complete Solutions

Sociology Straighterline FULL Exam Questions and Complete Solutions __________ involves aspects of social life that have to do with order, stability, and social organization that allow societies and groups to hold together and endure. a. Social dynamics b. Organic solidarity c. Social statics d. Mechanical solidarity - Answer: c. Social statics Herbert Spencer viewed society as a system, having important similarities witha. a biological organism. b. a finely tuned automobile. c. a modern factory. d. a jigsaw puzzle. - Answer: a biological organism. __________ refers to processes of social life that pattern institutional development and have to do with social change. a. Social dynamics b. Social statics c. Organic solidarity d. Mechanical solidarity - Answer: a. Social dynamics Studies of people's values, beliefs, attitudes, and perceptions most frequently use a. the survey method. b. experimental methods. c. participant observer techniques. d. archival research. - Answer: a. the survey method. In a research investigation that focused on nannies, sociologist Julia Wrigley combined _____________ research methods. a. survey and interview b. experiment and archival c. intensive interviewing and participant observation d. participant observation and survey - Answer: c. intensive interviewing and participant observation A researcher must take abstract concepts and translate them into a form that allows them to be measured. This is the development of a(n) a. operational definition. b. theoretical model. c. conceptual abstraction. d. experiment. - Answer: a. operational definition. ____________ uses existing records produced by people or organizations other than the researcher. a. Experimental design research b. Participant observation research c. Archival research d. Unobtrusive observation. - Answer: c. Archival research In viewing theory and research, a. theory must be emphasized over research. b. hard research is the primary emphasis of science; theory tends to be an afterthought. c. theory is mainly an "educated guessing game." d. both theory and research are necessary for the scientific enterprise. - Answer: d. both theory and research are necessary for the scientific enterprise. Feminist research methods include a commitment to a. include women's lives in social research. b. reduce inequality. c. minimize research exploitation. d. All of the choices are correct. - Answer: d. All of the choices are correct. Examining how the aging of the American population affects jobs and promotions for younger people in an historical context would be an example of using a. social psychology. b. microsociology. c. macrosociology. d. clinical psychological analysis - Answer: c. macrosociology. __________ research design provides the best opportunity for researchers to obtain data to accept or reject a hypothesis. a. The survey b. Archival c. The experiment d. Participant observation - Answer: c. The experiment The scientific study of social interactions and of social organization is called a. psychology. b. sociology. c. sociometry. d. socialism. - Answer: b. sociology. Which of the following was NOT one of Ann Meier's operational hypotheses? a. More permissive attitudes toward having sex will increase the probability of having sex. b. Having sex will result in adolescents having more permissive attitudes about having sex. c. Higher levels of religiosity will increase the probability of having sex. d. All the choices were among Meier's operational hypotheses - Answer: c. Higher levels of religiosity will increase the probability of having sex. Experiments, surveys, observation, and archival research represent a. theories. b. hypotheses. c. samples. d. research designs. - Answer: d. research designs. Correlation a. is synonymous with cause and effect. b. exists if one variable changes and the other remains constant. c. is not necessarily the same as causation. d. is the equivalent of spuriousness. - Answer: c. is not necessarily the same as causation. The existence of cultural universals is due to a. a law of nature. b. the tendency of all people to desire the same, specific activities and relationships in their lives. c. a human instinct. d. people facing the same broad problems of survival. - Answer: d. people facing the same broad problems of survival. ________ is(are) NOT one of the major value configurations within the dominant American culture a. The assignment of high importance to leisure and relaxation b. Work and activity c. Efficiency and practicality d. Material comfort - Answer: a. The assignment of high importance to leisure and relaxation Some analysts blame our surprise at the 9/11 attacks partly on a. cultural relativism. b. ethnocentrism. c. anomie. d. ethnicity. - Answer: b. ethnocentrism. Race, class, and gender are prime examples of a. achieved status. b. socioeconomic status. c. master status. d. status hierarchy. - Answer: c. master status. The idea that language shapes our perceptions of reality is called the a. symbolic reality hypothesis. b. linguistic relativity hypothesis. c. sign language hypothesis. d. cultural diversity hypothesis. - Answer: b. linguistic relativity hypothesis. The learned patterns of thinking, feeling, and acting, which are transmitted from one generation to the next, are referred to as a. society. b. social structure. c. culture. d. material culture. - Answer: c. culture. Social rules that specify appropriate and inappropriate behavior in given situations are called a. cultural expectations. b. socialized values. c. norms. d. cognitive expectations - Answer: c. norms. From the sociological perspective, wearing soiled clothing might be viewed as violating a a. law. b. more c. folkway. d. sanction. - Answer: c. folkway. When a trait or feature from one culture is rejected as being strange or immoral by another culture, it is an example of a. syncretism. b. synchronization. c. sedition. d. ethnocentrism. - Answer: d. ethnocentrism. The actual behavior of the person who occupies a status is termed a. role performance. b. master status. c. role set. d. duties. - Answer: a. role performance. A society's shared ideas regarding what is desirable, correct, and good are called a. norms. b. laws. c. values. d. mores. - Answer: c. values. Norms a. are essentially no more than moral rules. b. are subjective in nature. c. vary in type from folkways to mores to laws. d. both b. are subjective in nature and c. vary in type from folkways to mores to laws are correct - Answer: d. both b. are subjective in nature and c. vary in type from folkways to mores to laws are correct Those expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupant of a status are a. simple norms. b. complex norms. c. values. d. roles. - Answer: d. roles. A Peace Corps volunteer living in Blantyre, Malawi reported that the post office there had two letter slots, one labeled "Blantyre" and the other labeled a. "All points West." b. "All points East." c. "Elsewhere." d. None of the choices are correct. - Answer: c. "Elsewhere." The old order Amish and the youth culture both represent examples of the ___________ within American society. a. subcultures b. roles c. peculiarities d. cultural universals - Answer: a. subcultures Communication a. is a nonessential feature of the socialization process. b. allows us to establish a "commonness" with one another that makes socialization possible. c. allows us to develop our innate uniqueness that makes socialization possible. d. includes only those verbal processes that allow us to talk to one another. - Answer: b. allows us to establish a "commonness" with one another that makes socialization possible. A group of people gathered together to construct a house is an example of an a. instrumental tie b. expressive tie c. interactional tie d. extrapolative tie - Answer: a. instrumental tie Children display "people-oriented responses" a. only when they have nearly reached adolescence. b. immediately at birth. c. usually around ten years of age. d. quite early - even before their first birthday. - Answer: d. quite early - even before their first birthday. Authoritarian leaders tend to a. promote stability and group happiness. b. reduce levels of hostility within groups. c. produce high levels of frustration and hostile feelings. d. promote high levels of productivity whether they are present or absent. - Answer: c. produce high levels of frustration and hostile feelings. In Piaget's theory, the sensorimotor stage of development a. involves children's gradual realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them. b. usually lasts about 5 years. c. involves the child's development of language. d. involves the child's development of abstract thought. - Answer: a. involves children's gradual realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them. One of the major functions of in-groups and out-groups is to a. diminish differences that result from such social distinctions as race. b. reduce hostility that results from competition. c. dissolve social boundaries. d. emphasize the significance and importance of social boundaries. - Answer: d. emphasize the significance and importance of social boundaries. The process that led to the NASA Challenger tragedy in 1986 involved people who a. ignored warnings against the launch. b. experienced considerable pressure to launch from outsiders. c. functioned according to the principles of groupthink. d. All of the choices are correct. - Answer: d. All of the choices are correct. Martha believes that if she doesn't wear her lucky hat, she'll flunk her algebra test. She forgets her hat, and becomes so anxious about forgetting it that she flunks the exam. This is an example of a. the power of positive thinking. b. the Thomas Theorem. c. a definition of the situation. d. both b. the Thomas Theorem and c. a definition of the situation are correct. - Answer: d. both b. the Thomas Theorem and c. a definition of the situation are correct. Robert Axelrod found that the simplest and most effective strategy for playing the prisoner's dilemma game is one he called a. forgiveness. b. confession. c. tit for tat. d. competition. - Answer: c. tit for tat. The average American child spends between __________ hours with a television every day. a. one and two b. two and three c. three and four d. three and six - Answer: d. three and six __________ refers to procedures - rules and activities - that people employ in making social life and society intelligible. a. Negotiated order b. Anomie c. Ethnomethodology d. Dramaturgy - Answer: c. Ethnomethodology When a shared elusion of invulnerability leads to undue overconfidence and willingness to take risks, we are often experiencing a. relative deprivation. b. groupthink. c. dyadic dynamics. d. cultural diversity. - Answer: b. groupthink. The only area where nonverbal communication possibly may be universal in meaning is a. hand gesturing. b. proxemics. c. touch. d. facial expression. - Answer: d. facial expression. In Piaget's theory, the concrete operational stage a. involves children's gradual realization that they exist independently of the people and things around them. b. includes the development of language. c. is where children begin to think more abstractly by being able to separate symbols from the things they represent. d. focuses on the development of logic. - Answer: c. is where children begin to think more abstractly by being able to separate symbols from the things they represent. Beyond the small work groups approach is the "__________-collar" approach, in which informally dressed employees manage themselves, use the office as a "funhouse" and are expected to work 70-hour weeks. a. green b. red c. no d. black - Answer: c. no Edwin Sutherland's theory of differential association illustrates the ________ sociological perspective on deviance. a. structural strain b. cultural transmission c. conflict d. labeling - Answer: b. cultural transmission From Merton's perspective, those who reject both culturally approved goals and means and substitute new norms are a. innovators. b. ritualists. c. rebels. d. retreatists. - Answer: c. rebels. When individuals incorporate within their personalities the standards of behavior prevalent within the larger society, the process is called a. internalization. b. socialization. c. conformity. d. normative intervention. - Answer: a. internalization. Internalization occurs when a. norms are "intuited" from the behavior of others. b. the individual questions the legitimacy of the norms. c. normative expectations are sharpened. d. we understand and believe in the norms. - Answer: d. we understand and believe in the norms. William Chambliss' study of two teenage gangs - the Saints and the Roughnecks - illustrates a. the labeling perspective. b. differential association theory. c. the functionalist perspective. d. the cultural transmission perspective. - Answer: a. the labeling perspective. A violation of a social relationship of trust lies at the heart of much a. organized crime. b. white-collar crime and corporate crime. c. violent crime. d. victimless crime. - Answer: b. white-collar crime and corporate crime. ________ has the highest incarceration rate in the world? a. Iraq b. Pakistan c. The United States d. France - Answer: c. The United States Regarding murder, a. most were committed through the use of a "sharp instrument." b. a majority was precipitated by arguments. c. a majority of the victims knew their assailants. d. a majority was associated with robbery, arson, and other crimes. - Answer: c. a majority of the victims knew their assailants. An important concept in the analysis of deviance is that a. whether something is deviant depends on who is evaluating it. b. determining whether an act is deviant is an objective, absolute process. c. when important norms are violated, social control is lost. d. deviance can only be considered as a specific act and it never can be viewed in a relative manner. - Answer: a. whether something is deviant depends on who is evaluating it. Deviance is often a. defined by those who have the power to make the social definitions stick. b. nonrelative to time and place. c. seen as decadent, depraved, and evil, but not as an illness. d. nonrelative to time and place and seen as decadent, depraved, and evil, but not as an illness are correct. - Answer: a. defined by those who have the power to make the social definitions stick. Richard Quinney contended that to understand crime we have to understand the development of the political economy of capitalist society. This is a reflection of which perspective? a. conflict b. functionalist c. interactionist d. developmental - Answer: a. conflict Labeling theory essentially argues that a. society needs to place more emphasis on the labeling of deviants so deviants can be singled out. b. labeling deviants helps them come to grips with their personal problems. c. often those who are labeled as deviant develop a deviant identity and embark on a career of deviance. d. the labeling of people as deviant is a latent function arising from the world of crime and delinquency. - Answer: c. often those who are labeled as deviant develop a deviant identity and embark on a career of deviance. Critics of Merton's structural strain theory note that Merton a. doesn't emphasize conformity enough. b. ignores the ways in which people shape their definitions of the world about them. c. ignores the fact that not all deviance stems from gaps between goals and means. d. ignores the ways in which people shape their definitions of the world about them and ignores the fact that not all deviance stems from gaps between goals and means. - Answer: d. ignores the ways in which people shape their definitions of the world about them and ignores the fact that not all deviance stems from gaps between goals and means. ________ was one of the first people to suggest that we acquire deviant behavior much as we acquire other behaviors. a. Robert Merton b. Gabriel Tarde c. Peter Rosemont d. Karl Marx - Answer: b. Gabriel Tarde In the case of victimless crime, if there is any suffering, it is by the a. criminal justice system. b. offenders themselves. c. wider society. d. citizenry. - Answer: b. offenders themselves. The shift in status of individuals or groups is known as a. social inequality. b. horizontal transition. c. social differentiation. d. social mobility. - Answer: d. social mobility. Two perceptions promote that social classes exist as distinct groups. are promoted regarding the answer to this question. They include the idea that a. classes exist, but are invisible due to the "melting pot" theory. b. classes are real and exist in a state of conflict with one another. c. American society is essentially classless, a situation in which class divisions are blurred by their continuous nature. d. classes are real and exist in a state of conflict with one another and American society is essentially classless, a situation in which class divisions are blurred by their continuous nature are correct. - Answer: b. classes are real and exist in a state of conflict with one another. The simplest and cheapest approach to identifying social class is usually provided by the a. objective method. b. self-placement method. c. reputational method. d. distributional method. - Answer: a. objective method. The structural theory of poverty contends that a. poverty is due to momentary "lapses" in the competitive drive of some individuals. b. changes in the nature of industry from manufacturing to service-sector employment produces vulnerability among some workers. c. poverty is in-born. d. the poor should be held accountable for their own problems. - Answer: b. changes in the nature of industry from manufacturing to service-sector employment produces vulnerability among some workers. Social mobility occurs because of a. social change and availability of talent. b. a shift in the "culture of poverty." c. random, unexplained factors. d. genetic transitions in the population. - Answer: a. social change and availability of talent. The economic dimensions of social stratification include a. wealth and income. b. prestige and power. c. wealth and power. d. power and status. - Answer: a. wealth and income. William J. Wilson contends that the "underclass" exists primarily due to a. too many low-skill jobs in America's cities. b. the concentration of jobs into the middle-wage sector. c. the sharp climb in inner-city joblessness due to loss of lower-skill jobs. d. the replacement of lower-class homes by manufacturing industries within the inner city. - Answer: c. the sharp climb in inner-city joblessness due to loss of lower-skill jobs. Societies with open social stratification systems have a greater reliance on a. ascribed statuses. b. achieved statuses. c. caste statuses. d. inverted class statuses. - Answer: b. achieved statuses. Karl Marx believed the key to social stratification is the a. prestige of the "haves" vs. the "have-nots" in socialistic societies. b. division between those who own and operate the means of production and those who sell their labor in capitalist societies. c. informal communication network between workers and owners. d. bureaucratic structure of modern times. - Answer: b. division between those who own and operate the means of production and those who sell their labor in capitalist societies. Which of the following is TRUE? a. Social stratification depends upon but is not the same as social differentiation. b. Social stratification is analogous to social differentiation. c. Social differentiation depends upon but is not the same as social stratification. d. There is no relationship whatever between social stratification and social differentiation. - Answer: a. Social stratification depends upon but is not the same as social differentiation. The Coleman-Rainwater approach to understanding class structure a. combined the objective with the self-placement methods of measuring class. b. is a simpler, though less descriptive method of determining social class. c. refined the reputational method of measuring social class. d. involves a somewhat unwieldy, but more descriptive approach to measuring social class by combining the self-placement and reputational approaches. - Answer: d. involves a somewhat unwieldy, but more descriptive approach to measuring social class by combining the self-placement and reputational approaches. In 2004, fatherless families represented 17.4 percent of the nation's families and __________ percent of the households living in poverty. a. 23.5 b. 33.1 c. 43.7 d. 48.3 - Answer: d. 48.3 When we speak about the "things" that people own, we are referring to their a. wealth. b. income. c. prestige. d. power. - Answer: a. wealth. __________ have long argued that traditional investigations of stratification overlook the key underlying issue of one's relations to the means of production. a. Functionalists b. Marxists c. Interactionists d. Developmentalists - Answer: b. Marxists The ____________ method of identifying social class views social class as a statistical category. a. objective b. self-placement c. reputational d. distributional - Answer: a. objective ________ percent of the elderly function without any limitation. a. Twenty b. Twenty-five c. Thirty-three d. Fifty to sixty - Answer: d. Fifty to sixty Which of the following is most purely an ascribed status in the United States? a. age b. education level c. occupation d. political candidacy - Answer: a. age __________ refer(s) to the magnitude and manner of consumption of goods and services. a. Life chances b. Social stratification c. Style of life d. Social classes - Answer: c. Style of life The sociological view of human beings is that a. we are born with a large set of behavioral instincts. b. we are not born as social beings, but become social only through the process of socialization. c. our culture is programmed through the genetic makeup of society. d. our humanness is no different from the abilities that characterize other living creatures. - Answer: b. we are not born as social beings, but become social only through the process of socialization. The concept that represents the main features of a phenomenon such as bureaucracy is called a. verstehen. b. Gemeinschaft. c. an ideal type. d. objectivity. - Answer: c. an ideal type. Labeling theory essentially argues that a. society needs to place more emphasis on the labeling of deviants so deviants can be singled out. b. labeling deviants helps them come to grips with their personal problems. c. often those who are labeled as deviant develop a deviant identity and embark on a career of deviance. d. the labeling of people as deviant is a latent function arising from the world of crime and delinquency. - Answer: c. often those who are labeled as deviant develop a deviant identity and embark on a career of deviance. Today, __________ percent of U.S. citizens die of long-term illnesses including heart disease, Alzheimer's, and cancer. a. 40 b. 50 c. 60 d. 70 - Answer: d. 70 Relative deprivation refers to a. the welfare gap. b. the distinction made between rich and poor. c. the gap between what we have and what we believe we should have. d. the normative function of the reference group. - Answer: c. the gap between what we have and what we believe we should have. We ___________ a status and ____________ a role. a. play; occupy b. occupy; play c. enhance; play d. play; emulate - Answer: b. occupy; play The origins of sociology are linked to a. the French Revolution. b. the Industrial Revolution. c. Neither of the choices are correct. d. the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution are correct. - Answer: d. the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution are correct. Although the abstract definition of bureaucracy may appear irrelevant to the daily lives of most people, a. it is, in fact, a description of what most of us would like to take for granted. b. it is important only to those in positions of leadership. c. most of us expect such organizations to work exactly the way Weber described. d. it is, in fact, a description of what most of us would like to take for granted and most of us expect such organizations to work exactly the way Weber described are correct. - Answer: d. it is, in fact, a description of what most of us would like to take for granted and most of us expect such organizations to work exactly the way Weber described are correct. Decency, justice, worth of the individual, and equal opportunity illustrate basic American a. norms. b. mores. c. values. d. folkways. - Answer: c. values. W. E. B. Du Bois a. was a leading African-American sociologist. b. was one of the founders of the NAACP. c. helped promote the importance of investigative field work in sociology. d. All of the choices are correct. - Answer: d. All of the choices are correct. In 2004, the poverty rate was __________ percent. a. 5.7 b. 12.7 c. 25.7 d. 42.7 - Answer: b. 12.7 We use ____________ to appraise and shape our attitudes, feelings, and actions. a. primary groups. b. secondary groups. c. reference groups. d. in-groups. - Answer: c. reference groups. ________ may be the most dramatic and widespread of the new high-tech crimes? a. Identify theft b. Child pornography c. Mail bombings d. Software piracy - Answer: a. Identify theft Evidence suggests that a. women progress through a different set of stages than men. b. the stages women pass through take longer than those passed through by men. c. women progress through the same developmental periods as do men, but there are important differences. d. men take longer to pass through their stages than do women. - Answer: c. women progress through the same developmental periods as do men, but there are important differences. The women of Hull House are credited with using _________ as research procedures? a. experiments and surveys b. participant and nonparticipant observation c. archival and comparative research methods d. community case studies and demographic mapping - Answer: d. community case studies and demographic mapping Apprenticeships, internships, or children playing house are examples of a. the process of anticipatory socialization. b. impression management. c. status seeking. d. egoistic bias. - Answer: a. the process of anticipatory socialization. A football coach whose son is a member of his football team may experiencea. the process of anticipatory socialization. a. role strain. b. role conflict. c. ethnocentrism. d. cultural relativism. - Answer: b. role conflict. According to most theorists, the United States is an example of a. the ideal type of a closed social stratification system. b. a relatively closed social stratification system. c. a relatively open social stratification system. d. the ideal type of an open social stratification system. - Answer: c. a relatively open social stratification system. Developmental social psychologists, like Erik Erikson and Daniel Levinson, emphasize the a. passage through stages that must each be resolved before successful advancement to the next stage. b. ability of adulthood stages to compensate for early childhood crises. c. reliance of psychological development on biological precipitators. d. reliance of psychological development on economic conditions. - Answer: a. passage through stages that must each be resolved before successful advancement to the next stage. If we employ Max Weber's approach to bureaucracy and look for similarities in such organizations as the Catholic Church, Ford Motor Company, and the U.S. Government, we are dealing with bureaucracy as a(n) a. simple organization. b. expressive group. c. ideal type. d. single set of divergent, unrelated groups. - Answer: c. ideal type. Norms a. are essentially no more than moral rules. b. are subjective in nature. c. vary in type from folkways to mores to laws. d. are subjective in nature and vary in type from folkways to mores to laws are correct. - Answer: d. are subjective in nature and vary in type from folkways to mores to laws are correct. Karl Marx sought to a. prove the value of science in the study of human behavior. b. prove the value of maintaining the status quo in societies. c. narrow the gap between the rich and the poor. d. show the value of capitalism in developing a more humanitarian society. - Answer: c. narrow the gap between the rich and the poor. __________ are the actions we can legitimately insist that others perform. a. Statuses b. Roles c. Duties d. Rights - Answer: d. Rights While status symbols may affect adult status, the core of adult status is symbolized primarily by a. clothing, jewelry, and housing. b. clothing, computers, and cultural products. c. wealth and income. d. where one lives, the nature of one's occupation, the roles one plays and the people with whom one associates. - Answer: d. where one lives, the nature of one's occupation, the roles one plays and the people with whom one associates. For Durkheim, social facts are a. individual properties in reality. b. the tangible, brick-and-mortar institutions of society, like prisons. c. aspects of social life that cannot be explained in terms of either biological or mental characteristics of people. d. similar to the Freudian concepts of the Id and Ego. - Answer: c. aspects of social life that cannot be explained in terms of either biological or mental characteristics of people. Groups are a. social structures that have an existence apart from the particular relationships people have with one another. b. an example of the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. c. an example of the idea that the whole is almost never greater than the sum of its parts. d. social structures that have an existence apart from the particular relationships people have with one another and an example of the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts are correct. - Answer: d. social structures that have an existence apart from the particular relationships people have with one another and an example of the idea that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts are correct. Psychologist Carol Gilligan found that a. men view human interaction as central to their life development. b. the development of women involves a steady progression of stages. c. the development of women involves the recovery in adulthood of confidence, assertiveness, and a positive sense of self that are lost during adolescence. d. there is no difference in the progression of stages for men and women. - Answer: c. the development of women involves the recovery in adulthood of confidence, assertiveness, and a positive sense of self that are lost during adolescence. Deviance is a. a property inherent in certain forms of behavior. b. a property conferred upon particular behaviors in an absolute manner. c. relative. d. a behavior that often exists independently of norms. - Answer: c. relative. Instrumental ties are a. means-ends oriented to achieve some sort of goal. b. based on strong emotional investment. c. based primarily on sexual exploitation - a form of sexual harassment. d. the foundation of in-groups. - Answer: a. means-ends oriented to achieve some sort of goal. Deviance facilitates a. conformity. b. a clearer understanding of social norms. c. stronger group ties. d. All of the choices are correct. - Answer: d. All of the choices are correct. Comparison of an individual's social status over time is known as ________________ mobility. a. vertical b. intergenerational c. intragenerational d. horizontal - Answer: c. intragenerational __________ American children take prescription psychiatric drugs, despite the fact that most such drugs have never been tested for use in children. a. 100,000 to 250,000 b. 250,000 to 500,000 c. 500,000 to 1 million d. 3 to 4 million - Answer: d. 3 to 4 million According to the text, _________________ are often referred to as the "model minority" in the United States. a. Cuban Americans b. Jewish Americans c. Latinos d. Asian Americans - Answer: d. Asian Americans __________ percent of the women who head families with no spouse are employed. a. About 25 b. Close to 40 c. Approximately 60 d. More than 70 - Answer: d. More than 70 Younger-generation women today a. still make marriage and family the primary organizing force in their lives. b. continue to marry at about the same time in their lives as the previous generation. c. are more likely to delay marriage and childbearing than the previous generation. d. marry at about the same time, but delay childbearing to a later time than the previous generation. - Answer: c. are more likely to delay marriage and childbearing than the previous generation. Equality of opportunity a. does not necessarily produce equality of outcome. b. (if realized in American life) automatically produces equality of outcome. c. has no affect on outcomes. d. historically has produced equality of outcome, but not in recent years. - Answer: a. does not necessarily produce equality of outcome. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 is an example of a. equalitarian pluralism. b. acculturation. c. assimilation. d. inequalitarian pluralism. - Answer: d. inequalitarian pluralism. Cultural transmission theory emphasizes the impact of ________________ in gender identity acquisition. a. socialization b. Oedipus conflict c. hormones d. gender-specific biology - Answer: a. socialization Regarding rape, sociologists a. agree that rapists tend to be socially dysfunctional. b. agree that rapists are psychologically disturbed. c. found significant evidence to assert that rapists are sexually inadequate. d. turn to explanations that emphasize culture, socialization, and social structure. - Answer: d. turn to explanations that emphasize culture, socialization, and social structure. The ethnicity choices for the Census 2000 were a. "Hispanic or Latino." b. "Not Hispanic or Latino." c. "Mexican." d. All of the choices are correct. - Answer: d. All of the choices are correct. Of the ethnic groups in the United States, __________ have the highest median family income. a. Hispanics/Latinos b. African Americans c. Asian Americans d. white ethics. - Answer: c. Asian Americans Sexual harassment a. is a concept limited to the work place. b. is a concept not limited to the work place. c. includes problems encountered in schools. d. is a concept not limited to the work place and includes problems encountered in schools are correct. - Answer: d. is a concept not limited to the work place and includes problems encountered in schools are correct. According to the text, a. differences in earnings vary by race and ethnicity. b. in 2001, Hispanic women earned 74 cents to every dollar earned by white men. c. in 2001, African American women earned 36 cents per dollar earned by white men. d. None of the choices are correct. - Answer: a. differences in earnings vary by race and ethnicity. In 2004, __________ percent of black women with children under age six were working. a. 44.9 b. 56.7 c. 64.3 d. 75.1 - Answer: d. 75.1 A(n) ______________ represent(s) institutional discrimination? a. white supremacist hitting an African American in the face b. university application specifying a prerequisite of graduation from a private high school c. African-American gang beating up a white youth because of his race d. Asian-American student overcoming problems with the English language in a reading class for ESL students - Answer: b. university application specifying a prerequisite of graduation from a private high school In the United States, __________ percent of married women 16 and older are now in the paid labor force. a. 16 b. 32 c. 42 d. 66 - Answer: d. 66 The apartheid policy of South Africa was an example of a. equalitarian pluralism. b. inequalitarian pluralism. c. assimilation. d. symbolic racism. - Answer: b. inequalitarian pluralism. The vesting of power in women for family decision-making is called a. matrilineal. b. matriarchal. c. matricentric. d. matrilocal. - Answer: b. matriarchal. Sociologists have found that industrialization a. possibly encouraged the formation of extended family households in the early industrialization of the United States. b. had no effect on the prevalence of the extended family. c. had an adverse effect on the status of the extended family. d. increased the need for the family of orientation. - Answer: a. possibly encouraged the formation of extended family households in the early industrialization of the United States. When the social norms require that we marry within our group (race, class, religion, region), this is called a. endogamy. b. tyranny. c. exogamy. d. monogamy. - Answer: a. endogamy. Which theoretical perspective focuses on the essential tasks performed by families? a. functionalist b. conflict c. interactionist d. developmental - Answer: a. functionalist A 1994 poll cited in the text found that __________ percent of American adults agree that "a good, hard spanking" is sometimes necessary in disciplining a child. a. 37 b. 47 c. 57 d. 67 - Answer: d. 67 In studies of the long-term effects on children while being raised in single-parent households, results show that a. juvenile delinquency is twice as likely to occur. b. parental supervision needs are often strained by poverty. c. the kids are more likely to be enrolled below a school grade level that is normal for their chronological age. d. All of the choices are correct. - Answer: d. All of the choices are correct. Much of the current debate about the health of the American family is based upon questionable data that utilize a. the participant observer approach. b. the conflict perspective. c. the stereotypical white, middle-class family of the 1950s as a point of departure. d. the stereotypical white, middle-class family of the 1980s as a point of departure. - Answer: c. the stereotypical white, middle-class family of the 1950s as a point of departure. Cross-cultural research found that one of the least preferred or least ideal types of marriage around the world is a. monogamy. b. polygamy. c. patrilineal marriages. d. matrilineal marriages. - Answer: a. monogamy. Exchange theory suggests that we may a. like those who punish us and dislike those who reward us. b. like those who reward us and dislike those who punish us. c. be unattracted to people who are different from us. d. tend to marry those with whom we share gift-giving on equal terms. - Answer: b. like those who reward us and dislike those who punish us. The family that consists of oneself and one's spouse and children constitutes what sociologists refer to as the a. family of orientation. b. family of procreation. c. family of socialization. d. family of sociobiology. - Answer: b. family of procreation. In the United States, the family model -made up of a married couple, breadwinner husband and homemaker wife, raising children - now is a. the majority of the nation's households. b. a growing number of the nation's households. c. about half of the nation's households. d. about 20% of the nation's households. - Answer: d. about 20% of the nation's households. The existence of polygyny is based primarily on a. the heightened sexual prowess of men in those societies that permit the practice. b. status and economic concerns. c. the animalistic desire to sexually exploit women in such societies. d. modernization and industrialization, which make it easier to afford multiple wives. - Answer: b. status and economic concerns. We tend to select marital partners a. who are far more physically attractive than we are. b. who are generally less physically attractive than we are. c. who are similar in physical attractiveness to ourselves. d. almost totally on the basis of personality and temperament. - Answer: c. who are similar in physical attractiveness to ourselves. __________ percent of all out-of-wedlock births were to cohabitating parents. a. 40 b. 50 c. 60 d. 80 - Answer: a. 40 In 2002, __________ percent of all children lived in families with incomes less than $30,000. a. 5 b. 10 c. 20 d. 30 - Answer: d. 30 ________________ is the science dealing with the size, distribution, composition, and changes in population. a. Sociology b. Ecology c. Demography d. Homography - Answer: c. Demography An argument against demographic transition theory is that it does not apply particularly well to a. developing nations. b. modern nations today. c. Africa. d. the United States. - Answer: a. developing nations. In reference to the economic integration of less developed nations into the structures of a world economy, __________ regions consist of geographical areas that dominate the world economy and exploit the rest of the system. a. periphery b. multinational c. core d. global - Answer: c. core Thomas Malthus focused primarily on the paradox of a. the human being's need for food and desire for sex. b. the social classes. c. contraception and higher birth rates. d. the crude birth rate and the crude death rate. - Answer: a. the human being's need for food and desire for sex. Demographically, a fertility rate is a. related to actual reproductive behavior. b. data dealing with the potential to reproduce. c. the equivalent of fecundity. d. data regarding ZPG - Answer: a. related to actual reproductive behavior. Migration is usually a burden in terms of costs and loss of social networks, so migrants are usually a. older. b. less educated. c. better off economically. d. less ambitious than others. - Answer: c. better off economically. Both functionalists and conflict theorists see _________________ as the foundation of sovereignty of the state. a. money b. consensus c. force d. norms - Answer: c. force The theory of urban development that emphasizes wedge shapes extending from the center to the periphery is called the a. concentric circle model. b. sector model. c. multiple nuclei model. d. original zone model. - Answer: b. sector model. Historically, population planners have focused on a. how to keep the world's poorest women from having more babies. b. Thomas Malthus' theory. c. Karl Marx's perspective. d. demographic transition theory. - Answer: a. how to keep the world's poorest women from having more babies. In the early 2000s, __________ percent of retail trade sales were in e-commerce. a. 1 b. 10 c. 30 d. 60 - Answer: a. 1 A major criticism of the market system is that it a. spends too much on welfare. b. has little traditional morality built into the system. c. redistributes income away from the rich. d. is too socialistic in nature - Answer: b. has little traditional morality built into the system. In the U.S., our voter-turnout rate for presidential elections tends to be a. much lower than in other nations. b. about the same as in other nations. c. somewhat higher than in other nations. d. much higher than in other nations. - Answer: a. much lower than in other nations. According to the __________ strategy, fertility is a pattern of behavior tied closely to the institutional and organizational structure of society. a. family planning b. societalist c. coercion d. developmentalist - Answer: d. developmentalist The government that attempts to control all parts of the society and all aspects of social life is called a. democracy. b. authoritarianism. c. monasticism. d. totalitarianism. - Answer: d. totalitarianism. Examples of liberal market economies include a. the U.S. and Great Britain b. China and North Korea. c. Cuba and Argentian. d. None of the choices are correct. - Answer: a. the U.S. and Great Britain ______________ involves belief in spirits or other-worldly beings. a. Simple supernaturalism b. Existentialism c. Animism d. Theism - Answer: c. Animism In 2003, a U.S. Department of Education study ranked the eighth graders of many countries in mathematics and science. U.S. eight graders ranked behind ____ countries in mathematics. a. 2 b. 14 c. 9 d. 22 - Answer: b. 14 By the end of 2001, HMOs had _____ subscribers. a. 4.5 million b. 14.5 million c. 55.5 million d. 79.5 million - Answer: d. 79.5 million The expectation of cure in the American health system has generated a. an emphasis on people who have diseases. b. a 90-percent cure rate among patients who have such diseases as cancer, stroke, and heart disease. c. an explosion of invasive, expensive, and often risky medical interventions. d. a reduction in costs for the treatment of many health problems. - Answer: c. an explosion of invasive, expensive, and often risky medical interventions. The formal organization of most American schools and colleges consists of a. a chain of command. b. remarkably standardized environments. c. four levels, including a board of education, administrators, teachers or professors, and students. d. All of the choices are correct. - Answer: d. All of the choices are correct. Which of the following are not characteristics of the church? a. a bureaucratic structure that carries a positive relationship with mainstream society b. a sect in an advanced stage of development c. a body that strives to dominate all aspects of social life d. a body that attaches considerable importance to grace, doctrine, and ritual - Answer: b. a sect in an advanced stage of development _________ is NOT a new arrangement for financing health care in America? a. Competition in the health industry "marketplace" b. Keeping people out of hospitals c. Lowering government involvement in containing health care costs d. Establishing satellite outpatient medical centers - Answer: c. Lowering government involvement in containing health care costs The interactionist perspective on education suggests that a. much of classroom communication is one-way, with teachers talking and students listening. b. the teacher functions as a communication "gatekeeper." c. students are programmed for input and not communication output. d. All of the choices are correct. - Answer: d. All of the choices are correct. In practice, the American medical institution operates as a dual system in which a. the poor have had to utilize private sources of health-care. b. the rich have utilized public sources of health-care. c. the poor have utilized public sources of health-care while the rich utilized private sources. d. None of the choices are correct. - Answer: c. the poor have utilized public sources of health-care while the rich utilized private sources. A 2006 study comparison of health care in the U.S. and England shows a. The U.S. spends twice as much on health care each year than England. b. U.S. residents are less health than citizens of England. c. The U.S. spends twice as much on health care each year than England and U.S. residents are less healthy than citizens of England are correct. d. None of the choices are correct. - Answer: c. The U.S. spends twice as much on health care each year than England and U.S. residents are less healthy than citizens of England are correct. Fundamentalism a. is a movement by the Catholic Church to gain new members. b. is a Protestant movement that supports a more modern theology. c. is a Protestant movement that opposes a more modern theology and supports a return to traditional Christianity. d. views the Bible as subject to considerable interpretation. - Answer: c. is a Protestant movement that opposes a more modern theology and supports a return to traditional Christianity. At the elementary and secondary levels, American schools are a. usually very informal in structure. b. loosely governed by fairly vague sets of rules. c. places that emphasize and reinforce the subordinate status of pupils. d. places that attempt to produce an egalitarian atmosphere. - Answer: c. places that emphasize and reinforce the subordinate status of pupils. The religious organization that is rooted in established religious traditions, but views itself as uniquely legitimate is called a a. cult. b. sect. c. denomination. d. church. - Answer: b. sect. __________ was NOT a characteristic of effective schools in Rutter's study. a. Expectations that order would prevail in the classrooms b. Emphasis on academic concerns c. Moderate achievement expectations of students d. Respect for students as responsible people - Answer: c. Moderate achievement expectations of students Credentialism implies that education a. functions more as a certification of class membership than of technical skills. b. has little or no relationship to social class. c. functions as a means of class inheritance. d. functions more as a certification of class membership than of technical skills and functions as a means of class inheritance are correct. - Answer: d. functions more as a certification of class membership than of technical skills and functions as a means of class inheritance are correct. Social revolutions are most likely to occur under all but which one of the following social conditions? a. Political power is primarily concentrated in the state. b. The military's allegiance to the established power is quite strong. c. Political crises weaken the existing regime. d. A substantial segment of the population mobilizes in uprisings. - Answer: b. The military's allegiance to the established power is quite strong. According to the text, the greater number of ________________ increases the frequency of discovery and invention. a. cultural elements on which innovators may draw b. college graduates and doctoral students c. computers and fax machines d. intellectual elites employed by the government - Answer: a. cultural elements on which innovators may draw Ralph Linton's satire, The 100 Percent American, is an example of a. differentiation. b. socialization. c. diffusion. d. invention. - Answer: c. diffusion. The view that people may assemble into an acting crowd because they already share certain similar predispositions would be characteristic of the __________ theory. a. convergence b. game c. contagion d. emergent-norm - Answer: a. convergence Modernization assumes social patterns where a. there is increasing conflict. b. there is a heightening of oppression. c. convergence produces societies that are increasingly urban, the division of labor is more specialized, and the knowledge base becomes larger and more complex. d. diversity of organization is the rule. - Answer: c. convergence produces societies that are increasingly urban, the division of labor is more specialized, and the knowledge base becomes larger and more complex. According to conflict theorists who disagree with Karl Marx' view of change, a. all history is the history of class conflict. b. conflict between different ethnic groups is unimportant. c. social consensus is the dominant force in society. d. different types of conflict, such as that between religious groups, may be equally important to class conflict. - Answer: d. different types of conflict, such as that between religious groups, may be equally important to class conflict. Conflict is a basic source of a. stability. b. social change. c. socialization. d. social cohesion. - Answer: b. social change. According to English historian Arnold J. Toynbee, a. civilizations grow and decline in a uniform manner. b. civilizations arise in response to some challenge such as warlike neighbors. c. a civilization will grow and flourish when a challenge it faces is not so severe as to make an adequate response impossible. d. All of the choices are correct. - Answer: d. All of the choices are correct. Irrational, uncoordinated collective actions brought on by immediate, severe threat is a. panic. b. fetishism. c. fadism. d. psychogenic illness. - Answer: a. panic. A ____________________ is a more or less persistent and organized effort on the part of a relatively large number of people to bring about or resist change. a. riot b. crowd c. social movement d. democracy - Answer: c. social movement Collective behavior is characterized by a. being highly institutionalized. b. established, routinized group behavior. c. ordered ways of doing things. d. spontaneity and lack of structure. - Answer: d. spontaneity and lack of structure. ________________ refers to the rapid dissemination of behaviors involving contagious anxiety that is usually associated with some mysterious force. a. Crowd behavior b. Panic c. Rumor d. Mass hysteria - Answer: d. Mass hysteria _________ does not represent a form of collective behavior? a. Rumor b. Bureaucracy c. Fashion d. Mass hysteria - Answer: b. Bureaucracy Drought is an example of which source of social change? a. population change b. change in the physical environment c. clashes over resources and values d. diffusion - Answer: b. change in the physical environment The U.S. Congress defines acts of terror as acts that appear to be intended to a. intimidate or coerce a civilian population. b. influence the policy of a government by intimidation or coercion. c. affect the conduct of a government by assassination or kidnapping. d. All of the choices are correct. - Answer: d. All of the choices are correct. Spencer and Social Darwinists represent the _________ approach to social change. - Answer: evolutionary According to the ________________ approach, people are seen as participating in a social movement as a response to a rational decision-making process where the costs and benefits of participation are weighed. - Answer: resource mobilization People attending a basketball game or a symphony performance would constitute a(n) - Answer: conventional crowd. Modernization assumes social patterns where - Answer: convergence produces societies that are increasingly urban, the division of labor is more specialized, and the knowledge base becomes larger and more complex. _____________ theorists look to the rise and fall of civilizations to explain social change. - Answer: Cyclical Thomas Friedman, in The World is Flat, describes a world coming to a single global economy with a playing field "flattened" by - Answer: technological changes. Ralph Linton's satire, The 100 Percent American, is an example of - Answer: diffusion. Regarding social change, the exponential principle states that as the cultural base increases, the possibilities for change - Answer: multiply. A view of the mass media presented in the text is that the media - Answer: discharge products, ideas, and values into a passive and susceptible population who are therefore manipulated by the media and provide a "marketplace of ideas" for an enlightened public are correct. Certain racial and socioeconomic groups in society are far less likely to have access to computers and the Internet, and this phenomenon is called - Answer: the digital divide. _________ occurs when there is an uneven rate of change between social institutions and technology. - Answer: Cultural lag One factor that is essential for a successful social movement is a(n) - Answer: ideology. _________________ is the process that spreads cultural traits from one social unit to another. - Answer: Diffusion Social revolutions are most likely to occur under all but which one of the following social conditions? - Answer: The military's allegiance to the established power is quite strong. In the context of collective behavior, the sense that something is wrong and needs to be remedied is defined as - Answer: generalized belief. According to the interactionist perspective on medicine, - Answer: the medical profession defines some conditions as diseases even when there is little evidence of biological causes and some behaviors previously defined as immoral are now viewed as forms of sickness are correct. The term mana refers to people - Answer: compelling a higher power to act. Civil religion is found in - Answer: such activities as national holidays, mottos, and historic shrines. The __________ principle states that the social relations of work find expression in the social relations of the school. - Answer: correspondence In 2003, a U.S. Department of Education study ranked the eighth graders of many countries in mathematics and science. U.S. eight graders ranked behind ____ countries in mathematics. - Answer: 14 According to the text's discussion of people's statuses and health care, - Answer: All of the choices are correct. Which of the following is not a factor causing the increase in cost for health care? - Answer: The classical rules of the marketplace have finally been applied to the health industry. Which of the following are not characteristics of the church? - Answer: a sect in an advanced stage of development Denominations - Answer: come largely from the middle classes. The "medicalization of deviance" refers to - Answer: cases of behavior previously viewed as sinful now being redefined as sickness. The number of charter schools grew from zero to __________ in about ten years. - Answer: 2,400 Educational self-fulfilling prophecies also are known as - Answer: teacher-expectation effects. A 2006 study comparison of health care in the U.S. and England shows - Answer: The U.S. spends twice as much on health care each year than England and U.S. residents are less healthy than citizens of England are correct. According to conflict theory, religion - Answer: All of the choices are correct. Regarding the profession of nursing, - Answer: All of the choices are correct. Most democratic societies are actually - Answer: representative democracies. The number of live births per 1,000 members of a population in a given year is the __________ rate. - Answer: crude birth. The "doughnut structure" of metropolitan development is a metaphor that shows - Answer: a decaying central city and a prosperous suburban region and a declining suburban region with a newly prosperous central city are correct. In __________________ authority, power is legitimated by explicit rules and logical procedures that define the rights and duties of the occupants of given positions. - Answer: legal-rational When we speak of "a government of laws, not of people," we are referring to - Answer: legal-rational authority. When a new type of people, institution, or activity encroaches on an area occupied by a different type, this is called - Answer: invasion. _________________ theorists approach the environment by examining the precarious balance among the living and nonliving components comprising the biosphere. - Answer: Functionalist Power - Answer: is institutionalized in a patterned, recurrent manner. A megalopolis is - Answer: a strip city connecting outlying rural areas with urban development. The baby-boom-echo generation is - Answer: a group consisting of those babies born to the baby boomer generation _____________ argue that the state sometimes pursues policies that are not always in the interests of the capitalist classes. - Answer: Structural theorists. A ________________ is a relatively dense and permanent concentration of people who secure their livelihood chiefly through nonagricultural activities. - Answer: city In reference to the economic integration of less developed nations into the structures of a world economy, __________ regions consist of geographical areas that dominate the world economy and exploit the rest of the system. - Answer: core Deterioration of city services is an example of - Answer: functional decline. The foundations for the relatively recent development of the state were provided by the production of - Answer: a social surplus. Most divorced people - Answer: remarry. Cross-cultural research found that one of the least preferred or least ideal types of marriage around the world is - Answer: monogamy. According to sociologist Randall Collins, marriage is a socially enforced contract of - Answer: sexual property. In 2000, __________ percent of white families were married couples. - Answer: 81 A pessimistic view of American marriage suggests that - Answer: All of the choices are correct. According to the text, - Answer: All of the choices are correct. Patrilocal, matrilocal, and neolocal refer to - Answer: where a couple resides after marriage. A mounting body of evidence suggests that - Answer: staying together for the sake of the children is not necessarily helpful if the marriage is marred by conflict and tension. Research suggests ____________ influence(s) differences in household patterns (such as authority and residence). - Answer: a large number of interacting factors. Americans typically find themselves to be members of two nuclear families. First is the - Answer: family of orientation. The goal of "having a happy marriage" currently ranks - Answer: well above "being married to the same person for life. Studies show that _______________ is needed to reduce or eradicate abuse of women and children. - Answer: a cultural revolution in attitudes and values In 2001, there were __________ confirmed cases of child maltreatment. - Answer: 903,000 Societies trace descent and pass on property from one generation to the next in one of three ways. The patterns are - Answer: matrilineal, patrilineal, and bilineal. The "sandwich generation" is - Answer: middle-aged adults caught with responsibilities for their own teenage and college-age children and for their elderly parents. The unequal involvement of working mothers and wives in household work has come to be labeled the - Answer: second shift. The state, the law, politics, religion, higher education, and the economy are institutions historically dominated by - Answer: men. "A racially or culturally self-conscious population, with hereditary membership and a high degree of in-group marriage, that suffers oppression at the hands of a dominant segment of a nation-state" defines a(n) - Answer: minority group. According to Parsons and Bales, men specialize in _______________ tasks. - Answer: instrumental In recent decades the Spanish-speaking population has - Answer: grown rapidly through immigration. In the final stage of assimilation, - Answer: All of the choices are correct. The sociocultural distinction between males and females is called - Answer: gender. ______________ is NOT considered a patriarchal element of society. - Answer: Women being able to vote, sign contracts, and get credi The ethnicity choices for the Census 2000 were - Answer: All of the choices are correct. Sociologist Robert Merton noted that while we expect prejudiced people to discriminate and unprejudiced people not to discriminate, - Answer: sometimes unprejudiced people discriminate anyway and sometimes prejudiced people don't discriminate are correct. Ethnocentrism enhances the potential for - Answer: prejudicial attitudes and stereotypes. Equality of opportunity - Answer: does not necessarily produce equality of outcome. Across the years, the gender division of labor has operated to bind women to their __________ function. - Answer: reproductive Women who have children - Answer: encounter a significant career disadvantage. Conflict theory suggests that gender inequality exists because - Answer: : it benefits men. When we talk about level of living and options for choice, we are considering - Answer: life chances In America, - Answer: All of the choices are correct. In 2004, the poverty rate was __________ percent. - Answer: 12.7 __________ is the difference between the value that workers create (as determined by the labor-time embodied in a commodity that they produce) and the value that they receive (as determined by the subsistence level of their wages)