PSYC-140 Final Exam
longitudinal study design - ✅✅-following individuals over a long period of time with
multiple assessment points
cross-sectional study - ✅✅-comparing different age groups at the same time
naturalistic observation - ✅✅-research method in which one observes a subject
outside of a research setting
case study - ✅✅ -research method involving a direct observation of a patient;
interviewing in great detail
study/interview -✅✅ -research method in which surveys administered
anonymously or asked in and interview format in-person
correlational research - ✅✅ -research method of seeing how two variables relate;
looking at strength and direction of relationship
experiments - ✅✅ -research method in which you tightly control the variables,
setting, and participants which manipulating one factor believed to have influence.
Hawthorne effect - ✅✅ -A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the
awareness of being studied
What are the five research methods discussed in this module? - ✅✅-- naturalistic
observation
- case study
- study/interview
- correlational research
- experiments
three types of prenatal diagnostic tests - ✅✅-ultrasound, amniocentesis, and
chorionic villus sampling (CVA)
ultrasound - ✅✅ -prenatal diagnostic technique that uses high frequency sounds to
create an image of the baby
amniocentesis - ✅✅ -Prenatal diagnostic technique involving needle puncture of
the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis; looks for chromosomal and
genetic abnormalities
,chorionic villus sampling (CVS) - ✅✅ -Prenatal diagnostic technique in which a
small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed for analysis to detect
certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.
what are the three types of genetic-environment interactions? - ✅✅-passive,
evocative, and active
passive genotype-environment interaction - ✅✅ -parents provide genetic
disposition and nurturing context to foster certain qualities
evocative genotype-environment interaction - ✅✅ -parents provide genetic
predisposition for a child to evoke certain reactions in others that will influence their
development
active genotype-environment interaction - ✅✅ -parents provide genetic
predisposition that results in a child actively seeking out environmental conditions
that foster development of certain qualities
three periods of neonatal development - ✅✅-germinal, embryonic, and fetal
germinal period - ✅✅ -week 0-2
zygote created, attaches to uterus wall
embryonic period - ✅✅ -week 2-8
layers of cells form that later develop into organs and systems
fetal period - ✅✅ -month 2-9
major growth and development
teratogens - ✅✅-agents that interfere with natural growth and produce a birth
defect
which three variables determine a teratogen's effect? - ✅✅-- gestational age
- amount of teratogen
- susceptibility
When does organogenesis begin? - ✅✅-Around week 3 through week 8
why is stress a teratogen? - ✅✅ -stress causes blood to be directed away from
fetus and towards mother's brain, limbs, heart. Cortisol can cross placenta and
increase fetal HR
why is cognitive development more susceptible? - ✅✅-brain develops all
throughout pregnancy
, what are the three phases of childbirth? - ✅✅-- early & active labor
- delivery of baby
- delivery of the placenta
early labor and active labor - ✅✅ -- longest stage
- starts at onset of true labor
- ends when cervix completely dilated
- 30-45 sec contractions w 5-30 min between
- 45-60 sec contractions w 3-5 min between
- amniotic sac may rupture
delivery of baby - ✅✅-- begins when cervix dilated
- 20 min-2 hrs
delivery of placenta - ✅✅ -- 5-10 min
- contractions again
- placenta separates from uterine wall
✅✅-analgesia, anesthesia, oxytocics
three drugs used in childbirth -
Analgesia vs Anesthesia - ✅✅-drugs that relieve pain; includes narcotics,
tranquilizers, and barbiturates
anesthesia - ✅✅-drugs that blocks pain, can be general or epidural
oxytocics - ✅✅-drugs that stimulate contractions and induce labor
postpartum biological adjustments - ✅✅-involution, sleep adjustments, physical
healing
postpartum psychological adjustments - ✅✅-coordinating schedules, readjusting
social relationships, bonding with baby
pros and cons of naturalistic observation - ✅✅-pro: can observe natural behavior
con: can only study what you can see
pros and cons of case study - ✅✅-pro: rich and detailed info, especially in a rare
case
con: may not be applicable to other cases
pros and cons of surveys - ✅✅-pro: a lot of info, large sample, easy
longitudinal study design - ✅✅-following individuals over a long period of time with
multiple assessment points
cross-sectional study - ✅✅-comparing different age groups at the same time
naturalistic observation - ✅✅-research method in which one observes a subject
outside of a research setting
case study - ✅✅ -research method involving a direct observation of a patient;
interviewing in great detail
study/interview -✅✅ -research method in which surveys administered
anonymously or asked in and interview format in-person
correlational research - ✅✅ -research method of seeing how two variables relate;
looking at strength and direction of relationship
experiments - ✅✅ -research method in which you tightly control the variables,
setting, and participants which manipulating one factor believed to have influence.
Hawthorne effect - ✅✅ -A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the
awareness of being studied
What are the five research methods discussed in this module? - ✅✅-- naturalistic
observation
- case study
- study/interview
- correlational research
- experiments
three types of prenatal diagnostic tests - ✅✅-ultrasound, amniocentesis, and
chorionic villus sampling (CVA)
ultrasound - ✅✅ -prenatal diagnostic technique that uses high frequency sounds to
create an image of the baby
amniocentesis - ✅✅ -Prenatal diagnostic technique involving needle puncture of
the amniotic sac to withdraw amniotic fluid for analysis; looks for chromosomal and
genetic abnormalities
,chorionic villus sampling (CVS) - ✅✅ -Prenatal diagnostic technique in which a
small sample of the fetal portion of the placenta is removed for analysis to detect
certain genetic and congenital defects in the fetus.
what are the three types of genetic-environment interactions? - ✅✅-passive,
evocative, and active
passive genotype-environment interaction - ✅✅ -parents provide genetic
disposition and nurturing context to foster certain qualities
evocative genotype-environment interaction - ✅✅ -parents provide genetic
predisposition for a child to evoke certain reactions in others that will influence their
development
active genotype-environment interaction - ✅✅ -parents provide genetic
predisposition that results in a child actively seeking out environmental conditions
that foster development of certain qualities
three periods of neonatal development - ✅✅-germinal, embryonic, and fetal
germinal period - ✅✅ -week 0-2
zygote created, attaches to uterus wall
embryonic period - ✅✅ -week 2-8
layers of cells form that later develop into organs and systems
fetal period - ✅✅ -month 2-9
major growth and development
teratogens - ✅✅-agents that interfere with natural growth and produce a birth
defect
which three variables determine a teratogen's effect? - ✅✅-- gestational age
- amount of teratogen
- susceptibility
When does organogenesis begin? - ✅✅-Around week 3 through week 8
why is stress a teratogen? - ✅✅ -stress causes blood to be directed away from
fetus and towards mother's brain, limbs, heart. Cortisol can cross placenta and
increase fetal HR
why is cognitive development more susceptible? - ✅✅-brain develops all
throughout pregnancy
, what are the three phases of childbirth? - ✅✅-- early & active labor
- delivery of baby
- delivery of the placenta
early labor and active labor - ✅✅ -- longest stage
- starts at onset of true labor
- ends when cervix completely dilated
- 30-45 sec contractions w 5-30 min between
- 45-60 sec contractions w 3-5 min between
- amniotic sac may rupture
delivery of baby - ✅✅-- begins when cervix dilated
- 20 min-2 hrs
delivery of placenta - ✅✅ -- 5-10 min
- contractions again
- placenta separates from uterine wall
✅✅-analgesia, anesthesia, oxytocics
three drugs used in childbirth -
Analgesia vs Anesthesia - ✅✅-drugs that relieve pain; includes narcotics,
tranquilizers, and barbiturates
anesthesia - ✅✅-drugs that blocks pain, can be general or epidural
oxytocics - ✅✅-drugs that stimulate contractions and induce labor
postpartum biological adjustments - ✅✅-involution, sleep adjustments, physical
healing
postpartum psychological adjustments - ✅✅-coordinating schedules, readjusting
social relationships, bonding with baby
pros and cons of naturalistic observation - ✅✅-pro: can observe natural behavior
con: can only study what you can see
pros and cons of case study - ✅✅-pro: rich and detailed info, especially in a rare
case
con: may not be applicable to other cases
pros and cons of surveys - ✅✅-pro: a lot of info, large sample, easy
