NURS 1014- The eye 2024
Anatomy of the eye - Pupil
iris
sclera
caruncle
cornea
lens
conjunctiva
retina
optic nerve
retinal blood vessels
Anatomy of inner eye - optic disc - fibers from retina converging to form optic nerve
macula- slightly darker pigmented section that surrounds fovea centralis. Transduces
light from center of visual field
fovea centralis - Area of sharpest vision (DO NOT SHINE LIGHT ON THIS)
eye muscles - 6 total
4 straight (rectus)
superior
inferior
lateral
medial
2 slanting (oblique)
What cranial nerves control the eye? - 6- innervates lateral muscle
4-innervates superior oblique muscle
3-all other muscles
conjugate movement - motor coordination of eyes. Its important because our brains can
only tolerate seeing one image
pupillary light reflex - (cranial nerve 3 test)
Normal constriction of pupils when bright light shines on retia. Not conscious reflex.
Tested by shining light from the side in a dark room
, Consenual Light Reflex - simultaneous constriction of other pupils, happens because
the optic nerve carries sensory afferent messages in synapses with both sides of the
brain.
IF EYES DONT DO THIS, SOMETHING WRONG
fixation - a reflex direction of eye toward an object attracting person's attention
(peripheral vision)
Accommodation - pupils constrict on near object, dilate when looking at far away object
PERRLA - pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation
partially signed - Vision outside of normal limits that cannot be improved through
medical/surgical interventions
<20/60
OLDER ADULTS EYE STRUCTURE CONSIDERATIONS - decreased tear production,
increased dryness
pupil size decreases
lens beocmes hard and glasslike
macular degeneration (Types of decreased visual functions) - also exists age related
macular degeneration (amd)
breakdown of cells in macula of retina
cataract formation (Types of decreased visual functions) - results from clumping of
proteins in lens
Glaucoma (Types of decreased visual functions) - increased intraocular pressure
diabetic retinopathy (Types of decreased visual functions) - caused from diabeties
Health history questions in relation to the eye - -vision difficultly
-blurring
-pain
-use of glasses/corrective lens
strabismus - cross eyed
diplopia - double vision
Anatomy of the eye - Pupil
iris
sclera
caruncle
cornea
lens
conjunctiva
retina
optic nerve
retinal blood vessels
Anatomy of inner eye - optic disc - fibers from retina converging to form optic nerve
macula- slightly darker pigmented section that surrounds fovea centralis. Transduces
light from center of visual field
fovea centralis - Area of sharpest vision (DO NOT SHINE LIGHT ON THIS)
eye muscles - 6 total
4 straight (rectus)
superior
inferior
lateral
medial
2 slanting (oblique)
What cranial nerves control the eye? - 6- innervates lateral muscle
4-innervates superior oblique muscle
3-all other muscles
conjugate movement - motor coordination of eyes. Its important because our brains can
only tolerate seeing one image
pupillary light reflex - (cranial nerve 3 test)
Normal constriction of pupils when bright light shines on retia. Not conscious reflex.
Tested by shining light from the side in a dark room
, Consenual Light Reflex - simultaneous constriction of other pupils, happens because
the optic nerve carries sensory afferent messages in synapses with both sides of the
brain.
IF EYES DONT DO THIS, SOMETHING WRONG
fixation - a reflex direction of eye toward an object attracting person's attention
(peripheral vision)
Accommodation - pupils constrict on near object, dilate when looking at far away object
PERRLA - pupils equal, round, reactive to light and accommodation
partially signed - Vision outside of normal limits that cannot be improved through
medical/surgical interventions
<20/60
OLDER ADULTS EYE STRUCTURE CONSIDERATIONS - decreased tear production,
increased dryness
pupil size decreases
lens beocmes hard and glasslike
macular degeneration (Types of decreased visual functions) - also exists age related
macular degeneration (amd)
breakdown of cells in macula of retina
cataract formation (Types of decreased visual functions) - results from clumping of
proteins in lens
Glaucoma (Types of decreased visual functions) - increased intraocular pressure
diabetic retinopathy (Types of decreased visual functions) - caused from diabeties
Health history questions in relation to the eye - -vision difficultly
-blurring
-pain
-use of glasses/corrective lens
strabismus - cross eyed
diplopia - double vision
