anatomy 421 lab final
The kidneys are retroperitoneal in location - define retroperitoneal - ANS-situated or
occurring behind the peritoneum
Define homeostasis - ANS-ability or tendency to maintain internal stability in an
organism to compensate for environmental changes
Differentiate between amniote and anamniote - ANS-Anamniotes are characterized by
the absence of an amnion during the embryonic stage. They also develop the
opisthonephros as their adult kidney.
Amniotes have an amnion during the embryonic stage and their adult kidney is the
metanephros
Name:
1. The first embryonic kidney
2. The second embryonic kidney
3. the adult kidney of anamniotes
4. the adult kidney of amniotes - ANS-1. pronephros
2. mesonephros
3. opisthonephros
4. metanephros
List 3 mechanisms that vertebrates may use to eliminate nitrogenous wastes and name
one species that uses each of these mechanisms - ANS-1. ammonotely - secretes
ammonia; amphibians
2. ureotelic - secretes urea; mammals
3. uricotelic - secretes uric acid; birds & reptiles
Name the fetal vessel that shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta reducing
blood flow to the fetal lung - ANS-ductus arteriosus
What does the ductus arteriosus become in the adult animal? - ANS-ligamentum
arteriosum
Name the fetal vessel that shunts blood away from the fetal liver to the posterior vena
cava - ANS-ductus venosus
, Name the opening in the wall of the fetal right atrium that allows blood entering the right
atrium to pass directly to the left atrium - ANS-foramen ovale
where does gas exchange take place in the fetal cat? - ANS-across capillaries in the
placenta
Amphibians have only one ventricle; some reptiles have an incomplete interventricular
septum. How is this advantageous to these species? - ANS-These types of heart
anatomy help them adapt to the environment they live in. It helps them receive oxygen
in both aquatic and terrestrial environments
With regards to the basic pattern of 6 aortic arches; in adult tetrapods, some of the
arches are lost and others persist. In reptiles and amphibians, both the left and right
fourth arches persist as double systemic arches.
a. which arch persists in birds to distribute blood to the systemic circulation?
b. which arch persists in mammals to distribute blood to the systemic circulation?
c. which arch persists as the pulmonary arteries?
d. the ductus arteriosus, a component of the fetal circulation is derived from which aortic
arch? - ANS-a. fourth right arch
b. fourth left arch
c. sixth arch
d. sixth aortic arch
Can you expect the branching pattern of every cat to be identical? Explain - ANS-No.
Ideally a common theme concerning blood vessels is that the architecture of the
circulatory system exhibits a consistent pattern of divergence and convergence;
however, branching patterns in one animal may be different from another due to
development or genetics
Regarding the Circle of Willis:
a. which blood vessels feed blood into the Circle of Willis?
b. what organ is supplied with blood from the Circle of Willis? - ANS-a. internal carotid
artery & vertebral artery
b. brain
List the veins of the hepatic portal system in outline form beginning with the hepatic
portal vein and progressing to the more distal tributaries - ANS-I. Hepatic portal vein
A. gastroduodenal vein
1. right gastroepiploic v.
The kidneys are retroperitoneal in location - define retroperitoneal - ANS-situated or
occurring behind the peritoneum
Define homeostasis - ANS-ability or tendency to maintain internal stability in an
organism to compensate for environmental changes
Differentiate between amniote and anamniote - ANS-Anamniotes are characterized by
the absence of an amnion during the embryonic stage. They also develop the
opisthonephros as their adult kidney.
Amniotes have an amnion during the embryonic stage and their adult kidney is the
metanephros
Name:
1. The first embryonic kidney
2. The second embryonic kidney
3. the adult kidney of anamniotes
4. the adult kidney of amniotes - ANS-1. pronephros
2. mesonephros
3. opisthonephros
4. metanephros
List 3 mechanisms that vertebrates may use to eliminate nitrogenous wastes and name
one species that uses each of these mechanisms - ANS-1. ammonotely - secretes
ammonia; amphibians
2. ureotelic - secretes urea; mammals
3. uricotelic - secretes uric acid; birds & reptiles
Name the fetal vessel that shunts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta reducing
blood flow to the fetal lung - ANS-ductus arteriosus
What does the ductus arteriosus become in the adult animal? - ANS-ligamentum
arteriosum
Name the fetal vessel that shunts blood away from the fetal liver to the posterior vena
cava - ANS-ductus venosus
, Name the opening in the wall of the fetal right atrium that allows blood entering the right
atrium to pass directly to the left atrium - ANS-foramen ovale
where does gas exchange take place in the fetal cat? - ANS-across capillaries in the
placenta
Amphibians have only one ventricle; some reptiles have an incomplete interventricular
septum. How is this advantageous to these species? - ANS-These types of heart
anatomy help them adapt to the environment they live in. It helps them receive oxygen
in both aquatic and terrestrial environments
With regards to the basic pattern of 6 aortic arches; in adult tetrapods, some of the
arches are lost and others persist. In reptiles and amphibians, both the left and right
fourth arches persist as double systemic arches.
a. which arch persists in birds to distribute blood to the systemic circulation?
b. which arch persists in mammals to distribute blood to the systemic circulation?
c. which arch persists as the pulmonary arteries?
d. the ductus arteriosus, a component of the fetal circulation is derived from which aortic
arch? - ANS-a. fourth right arch
b. fourth left arch
c. sixth arch
d. sixth aortic arch
Can you expect the branching pattern of every cat to be identical? Explain - ANS-No.
Ideally a common theme concerning blood vessels is that the architecture of the
circulatory system exhibits a consistent pattern of divergence and convergence;
however, branching patterns in one animal may be different from another due to
development or genetics
Regarding the Circle of Willis:
a. which blood vessels feed blood into the Circle of Willis?
b. what organ is supplied with blood from the Circle of Willis? - ANS-a. internal carotid
artery & vertebral artery
b. brain
List the veins of the hepatic portal system in outline form beginning with the hepatic
portal vein and progressing to the more distal tributaries - ANS-I. Hepatic portal vein
A. gastroduodenal vein
1. right gastroepiploic v.
