AQA GCSE Physics -Paper 2
3 contact forces - ANS-friction
resistance
tension
3 non-contact forces - ANS-magnetism
gravity
electrostatic
A change in speed's effect on an orbit - ANS-If the speed of a satellite in a stable orbit
changes, then the radius of the orbit has to change. For a circular orbit to be
maintained, a specific speed needs to be constant. If this speed is increased, such as
by using thrusters, the orbit will increase in size. If the Speed decreases such as
contacting the atmosphere, the orbit will become smaller.
Satellites too close to the Earth gradually lose speed due to atmospheric drag, the
centripetal force is greater than the velocity so work is done and the satellite crashes
into what is was orbiting.
The opposite happens for an increase in speed at the satellite loses its orbit and goes
into space.
Acceleration equation - ANS-chance in velocity/time
Acceleration Practical Method Part 1 (Measuring the effect of force on acceleration at
constant mass) - ANS-1.Use the ruler to measure intervals on the bench and draw
straight lines or place tape across the bench at these intervals.
2.Attach the bench pulley to the end of the bench.
3.Tie a length of string to the toy car or trolley. Pass the string over the pulley and attach
the weight stack to the other end of the string.
4.Make sure the string is horizontal and is in line with the toy car or trolley.
5.Hold the toy car or trolley at the start point.
6.Attach the full weight stack (1.0 N) to the end of the string.
,7.Release the toy car or trolley at the same time as you start the stopwatch, press the
stop watch (lap mode) at each measured interval on the bench and for the final time at
100 cm.
8.Record the results in the table.
9.Repeat steps 5−8 for decreasing weights on the stack for example, 0.8 N, 0.6 N, 0.4
N, 0.2 N. Make sure you place the masses that you remove from the weight stack onto
the top of the car each time you decrease the weight.
F=ma, a=F/m, a=1/m x F:
As force increases, so does acceleration
Acceleration Practical Method Part 2 (Measuring the effect of mass on acceleration with
a constant force) - ANS-1.Setup the bench, pulley, weight stack and car as in steps 1-5
of activity 1
2.Use your results from activity 1 to select a weight for the weight stack that will just
accelerate the car along the bench.
3.Put a 200g mass on the car.
4.Hold the car at the start point.
5.Attach your chosen weight stack to the end of the string
6.Release the car at the same time as you start the stopwatch, press the stopwatch (lap
mode) at each measured interval on the bench and for the final time at 100 cm.
7.Record the results in a table with distances travelled for each mass
8.Repeat steps 5−8 for increasing more masses on the car
F=ma, a=F/m, a=1/m x F:
As mass increases, acceleration decreases
Action between 2 like poles - ANS-Repulsion
Action between 2 opposite poles - ANS-Attraction
Aeroplane speed estimate - ANS-250 m/s
Alternator - ANS-A simple alternator consists of one side of a coil moving up through the
magnetic field.
, As it cuts the field lines it produces potential difference, as it starts moving round
(separate power source) and the coil moves down the induced potential difference
reverses direction, this means the alternator produces an alternating current. (sine
curve)
Cars use alternators to maintain the battery's charge, using the engine to produce an
input of motion.
Amplitude - ANS-The maximum displacement of a point on a wave from its undisturbed
point to its maximum disturbance. This shows the energy within a wave, i.e. a greater
amplitude has more energy
Atmospheric pressure and how it varies by altitude - ANS-Air pressure is created by air
molecules colliding with a surface, if we consider the density of these particles being
same at all attitudes, the fact the volume of the earth's atmosphere increases as we rise
in altitude then we can tell that the air pressure will decrease as there is more space for
the same amount of particles to bump into each other. Also air is naturally less dense
further away from the ground, reducing collisions and therefore pressure.
Balancing - ANS-If an object is balanced the clockwise moment is equal to the
anticlockwise moment.
Big Bang theory - ANS-This states that the universe began from a very small, hot and
dense region. This exploded, creating the universe and spreading matter across it.
Red-shifting supports the Big Bang Theory and since 1998 observations showed that
the universe is expanding, therefore it must have been at one singularity in the past of
supernovae suggest distant galaxies are receding ever faster.
Black Body Radiation - ANS--All bodies of matter, regardless of temperature, emit
infrared radiation, a hotter body releases more infrared.
-A perfect black body is one that absorbs all of the radiation incident on it. A black body
does not reflect or transmit any radiation and as it is a good absorber it is also good
emitter, meaning the perfect black body is the perfect emitter.
Buoyancy - ANS-The partially or fully submerged object experiences more pressure at
the bottom that on top, this creates a resultant up thrust force called buoyancy.
Car speed estimate - ANS-13-30 m/s
Characteristics of a distance-time graph - ANS-- a flat line means no movement, a
change in time but not in distance.
- a straight positive line represents a constant movement.
- a concave curve represents an acceleration, a convex represents deceleration.
3 contact forces - ANS-friction
resistance
tension
3 non-contact forces - ANS-magnetism
gravity
electrostatic
A change in speed's effect on an orbit - ANS-If the speed of a satellite in a stable orbit
changes, then the radius of the orbit has to change. For a circular orbit to be
maintained, a specific speed needs to be constant. If this speed is increased, such as
by using thrusters, the orbit will increase in size. If the Speed decreases such as
contacting the atmosphere, the orbit will become smaller.
Satellites too close to the Earth gradually lose speed due to atmospheric drag, the
centripetal force is greater than the velocity so work is done and the satellite crashes
into what is was orbiting.
The opposite happens for an increase in speed at the satellite loses its orbit and goes
into space.
Acceleration equation - ANS-chance in velocity/time
Acceleration Practical Method Part 1 (Measuring the effect of force on acceleration at
constant mass) - ANS-1.Use the ruler to measure intervals on the bench and draw
straight lines or place tape across the bench at these intervals.
2.Attach the bench pulley to the end of the bench.
3.Tie a length of string to the toy car or trolley. Pass the string over the pulley and attach
the weight stack to the other end of the string.
4.Make sure the string is horizontal and is in line with the toy car or trolley.
5.Hold the toy car or trolley at the start point.
6.Attach the full weight stack (1.0 N) to the end of the string.
,7.Release the toy car or trolley at the same time as you start the stopwatch, press the
stop watch (lap mode) at each measured interval on the bench and for the final time at
100 cm.
8.Record the results in the table.
9.Repeat steps 5−8 for decreasing weights on the stack for example, 0.8 N, 0.6 N, 0.4
N, 0.2 N. Make sure you place the masses that you remove from the weight stack onto
the top of the car each time you decrease the weight.
F=ma, a=F/m, a=1/m x F:
As force increases, so does acceleration
Acceleration Practical Method Part 2 (Measuring the effect of mass on acceleration with
a constant force) - ANS-1.Setup the bench, pulley, weight stack and car as in steps 1-5
of activity 1
2.Use your results from activity 1 to select a weight for the weight stack that will just
accelerate the car along the bench.
3.Put a 200g mass on the car.
4.Hold the car at the start point.
5.Attach your chosen weight stack to the end of the string
6.Release the car at the same time as you start the stopwatch, press the stopwatch (lap
mode) at each measured interval on the bench and for the final time at 100 cm.
7.Record the results in a table with distances travelled for each mass
8.Repeat steps 5−8 for increasing more masses on the car
F=ma, a=F/m, a=1/m x F:
As mass increases, acceleration decreases
Action between 2 like poles - ANS-Repulsion
Action between 2 opposite poles - ANS-Attraction
Aeroplane speed estimate - ANS-250 m/s
Alternator - ANS-A simple alternator consists of one side of a coil moving up through the
magnetic field.
, As it cuts the field lines it produces potential difference, as it starts moving round
(separate power source) and the coil moves down the induced potential difference
reverses direction, this means the alternator produces an alternating current. (sine
curve)
Cars use alternators to maintain the battery's charge, using the engine to produce an
input of motion.
Amplitude - ANS-The maximum displacement of a point on a wave from its undisturbed
point to its maximum disturbance. This shows the energy within a wave, i.e. a greater
amplitude has more energy
Atmospheric pressure and how it varies by altitude - ANS-Air pressure is created by air
molecules colliding with a surface, if we consider the density of these particles being
same at all attitudes, the fact the volume of the earth's atmosphere increases as we rise
in altitude then we can tell that the air pressure will decrease as there is more space for
the same amount of particles to bump into each other. Also air is naturally less dense
further away from the ground, reducing collisions and therefore pressure.
Balancing - ANS-If an object is balanced the clockwise moment is equal to the
anticlockwise moment.
Big Bang theory - ANS-This states that the universe began from a very small, hot and
dense region. This exploded, creating the universe and spreading matter across it.
Red-shifting supports the Big Bang Theory and since 1998 observations showed that
the universe is expanding, therefore it must have been at one singularity in the past of
supernovae suggest distant galaxies are receding ever faster.
Black Body Radiation - ANS--All bodies of matter, regardless of temperature, emit
infrared radiation, a hotter body releases more infrared.
-A perfect black body is one that absorbs all of the radiation incident on it. A black body
does not reflect or transmit any radiation and as it is a good absorber it is also good
emitter, meaning the perfect black body is the perfect emitter.
Buoyancy - ANS-The partially or fully submerged object experiences more pressure at
the bottom that on top, this creates a resultant up thrust force called buoyancy.
Car speed estimate - ANS-13-30 m/s
Characteristics of a distance-time graph - ANS-- a flat line means no movement, a
change in time but not in distance.
- a straight positive line represents a constant movement.
- a concave curve represents an acceleration, a convex represents deceleration.
