Patho Exam 2 (mod 4-6)
Nur 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 (mod
4-6) Study Containing 406 Questions
with Definitive Solutions 2024-2025
what do alterations in the GI lead to? - Answer: altered nutrition and impaired
elimination
What is dysphagia? - Answer: difficulty swallowing
what is a big risk factor of dysphagia? - Answer: aspiration
1|Page
, Patho Exam 2 (mod 4-6)
what is the etiology of dysphagia? - Answer: 1. mechanical obstruction
2. neurological disorders (stroke, TBI, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, ALS)
3. latrogenic (head/neck surgeries, intubation, radiation)
4. medications that relax muscles/supress nervous system
what are the clinical manifestations of dysphagia? - Answer: 1. sensation of stuck
food, choking, coughing, delayed/painful swallowing
how do you diagnose dysphagia? - Answer: 1. H&P
2. barium swallow
3. check/neck x-ray
4. FEESST, VFSS and EGD
what are treatment implications for dysphagia? - Answer: 1. underlying cause
2. speech therapy
3. maintain nutrition
4. prevent aspiration
What is emesis? - Answer: vomiting
what is the etiology of vomiting/emesis? - Answer: 1. protective (drug/ETOH
overdose, infection)
2. obstructions
3. pain associated w other pathologies
2|Page
, Patho Exam 2 (mod 4-6)
what are clinical manifestations of vomiting/emesis? - Answer: 1. nausea/retching
2. color/quality: hematemesis, yellow/green, deep brown, undigested, force
what are treatment implications for vomiting/emesis? - Answer: 1. treat
underlying cause
2. fluid/electrolyte/acid-base balance, IV fluids, antiemetics
what is the pathogenesis of vomiting/emesis (process)? - Answer: 1. medulla
stimulated and coordinated reflex response through cranial nerves
2. glottis closes, soft palate rises to close airway
3. deep inspiration; diaphragm contracts
4. gastroesopheal sphincter and fundus of stomach relax
5. abdominal muscles contract forcefully
6. anti-peristalic waves
what is the vomit/emesis center? - Answer: medulla
What is a hiatal hernia (pathogenesis)? - Answer: 1. weakened diaphragm allows
stomach to protrude through opening
2. inflammation of esophagus
what is the etiology of a hiatal hernia? - Answer: 1. increased intrathoracic
pressure (vomiting straining w/ BM)
2. increased intraabdominal pressure (pregnancy, obesity)
3|Page
, Patho Exam 2 (mod 4-6)
what are clinical manifestations of hiatal hernia? - Answer: 1. indigestion,
heartburn (pyrosis), belching, nausea, chest pain, strictures, dysphagia
2. WORSE after meals, when sitting/lying
How is a hiatal hernia diagnosed? - Answer: 1. H&P
2. barium swallow
3. X-ray
4. manometry
5. EDG
what are treatment implications of hiatal hernia? - Answer: 1. strategies to reduce
regurgitation
- small means
- positioning
2. loose weight
3. dont smoke
4. stress management
5. meds
6. surgery if severe
What is GERD? - Answer: gastroesophageal reflux disease
what is the pathogenesis of GERD? - Answer: incompetent LES (decreased LES
pressure or increased stomach pressure) allows gastic content to flow into and
irritate esophagus
4|Page
Nur 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 (mod
4-6) Study Containing 406 Questions
with Definitive Solutions 2024-2025
what do alterations in the GI lead to? - Answer: altered nutrition and impaired
elimination
What is dysphagia? - Answer: difficulty swallowing
what is a big risk factor of dysphagia? - Answer: aspiration
1|Page
, Patho Exam 2 (mod 4-6)
what is the etiology of dysphagia? - Answer: 1. mechanical obstruction
2. neurological disorders (stroke, TBI, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, ALS)
3. latrogenic (head/neck surgeries, intubation, radiation)
4. medications that relax muscles/supress nervous system
what are the clinical manifestations of dysphagia? - Answer: 1. sensation of stuck
food, choking, coughing, delayed/painful swallowing
how do you diagnose dysphagia? - Answer: 1. H&P
2. barium swallow
3. check/neck x-ray
4. FEESST, VFSS and EGD
what are treatment implications for dysphagia? - Answer: 1. underlying cause
2. speech therapy
3. maintain nutrition
4. prevent aspiration
What is emesis? - Answer: vomiting
what is the etiology of vomiting/emesis? - Answer: 1. protective (drug/ETOH
overdose, infection)
2. obstructions
3. pain associated w other pathologies
2|Page
, Patho Exam 2 (mod 4-6)
what are clinical manifestations of vomiting/emesis? - Answer: 1. nausea/retching
2. color/quality: hematemesis, yellow/green, deep brown, undigested, force
what are treatment implications for vomiting/emesis? - Answer: 1. treat
underlying cause
2. fluid/electrolyte/acid-base balance, IV fluids, antiemetics
what is the pathogenesis of vomiting/emesis (process)? - Answer: 1. medulla
stimulated and coordinated reflex response through cranial nerves
2. glottis closes, soft palate rises to close airway
3. deep inspiration; diaphragm contracts
4. gastroesopheal sphincter and fundus of stomach relax
5. abdominal muscles contract forcefully
6. anti-peristalic waves
what is the vomit/emesis center? - Answer: medulla
What is a hiatal hernia (pathogenesis)? - Answer: 1. weakened diaphragm allows
stomach to protrude through opening
2. inflammation of esophagus
what is the etiology of a hiatal hernia? - Answer: 1. increased intrathoracic
pressure (vomiting straining w/ BM)
2. increased intraabdominal pressure (pregnancy, obesity)
3|Page
, Patho Exam 2 (mod 4-6)
what are clinical manifestations of hiatal hernia? - Answer: 1. indigestion,
heartburn (pyrosis), belching, nausea, chest pain, strictures, dysphagia
2. WORSE after meals, when sitting/lying
How is a hiatal hernia diagnosed? - Answer: 1. H&P
2. barium swallow
3. X-ray
4. manometry
5. EDG
what are treatment implications of hiatal hernia? - Answer: 1. strategies to reduce
regurgitation
- small means
- positioning
2. loose weight
3. dont smoke
4. stress management
5. meds
6. surgery if severe
What is GERD? - Answer: gastroesophageal reflux disease
what is the pathogenesis of GERD? - Answer: incompetent LES (decreased LES
pressure or increased stomach pressure) allows gastic content to flow into and
irritate esophagus
4|Page
