NR 283 Final Exam Review Chamberlain questions and answers
Osetoporosis - answerDecreased Bone Mineral Density
Osteoporosis Pathophysiology - answerBone remodeling leads to increased bone
reabsorption, leads to decreased bone formation causing thin fragile bones leading
to fractures. Increased osteoclast activity and decreased osteoblast activity.
Risk factors for Osteoporosis - answer1. Postmenopausal women
2. Aging
3. Sedentary Lifestyle
4. Hyperthyroidism
5. Smoking
Rheumatoid Arthritis - answerAutoimmune disorder causing chronic systemic
inflammation
Pathophysiology Rheumatoid Arthritis - answer1. Neutrophils degrade surface layer
of cartilage
2. Inflammatory cytokines breakdown cartilage & bone
3. T-Cells cause fibroblasts to turn into a thick abnormal layer of tissue
4. Inflammation is constant & spreads to ALL synovial joints
Difference between Osteoarthritis & Rheumatoid Arthritis - answerOsteoarthritis is a
degenerative condition due to "wear and tear" cartilage breaks down causing stiff
joints and pain.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disorder. Additional symptoms
include fever and affects all synovial joints.
Acute Pain - answerCondition last < 3 months. Body's protective mechanism. Can be
classified as somatic, visceral, or referred.
Chronic pain - answerLasts > 6 months. Non-protective, Poorly understood.
Neuropathic pain - answerDysfunction of the nervous system. i.e. Fibromyalgia
Pain management - answerWhat is the treatment that increases or decreases
transmission of pain signals.
Neurotransmitters - answerWhat are the chemicals that the nervous system uses to
communicate with a brain.
Pain Transduction - answerNociceptors receptor at the end of a sensory neuron's
axon that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending possible
threat signals to the spinal cord and the brain
Pain transmission - answerWhat pain pathway signal goes to the central nervous
system
, Pain perception - answerPain pathway how the brain interprets the pain signal
Pain threshold - answerMinimum amount of stimuli that it takes for you to perceive
pain. This pathway is the same for everyone
Pain tolerance - answerThe amount of pain the body can handle before you
involuntarily remove the stimuli.
Afferent - answerThe type of pain that transmit from the peripheral nervous system
to the central nervous system
Efferent - answerWhen the pain goes from the central nervous system to the
peripheral nervous system tell somebody how to react.
Endorphins - answerChemicals released usually during exercise to prevent pain
transmission signals.
Serotonin and GABA - answerWhat chemical reduces translation of pain. This
usually happens after the labor/childbirth
Seizures - answerThis condition as a result of massive firing of neurons all at the
same time.
Why are seizures life-threatening? - answerCan cause aspiration, trauma, hypoxia,
hypoglycemia.
What are typical causes of seizures? - answerMetabolic, congenital, genetic,
prenatal, trauma, infection, tumor, vascular disease, drugs and alcohol abuse.
Preictal phase (prodromal) - answerSeizure phase where the patient experiences
nausea, irritabliliy, muscle twitching, and hours before the event.
Preictal Phase (Aura) - answerSeizure phase when the patient experiences visual or
auditory sensations. Typically right before seizure.
Ictal Phase (Tonic) - answerSeizure phase when the patient is actually experiencing
muscle contractions, Increased rigidity, tight jaw and loses consciousness
Ictal Phase (Clonic) - answerSeizure phase when the patient is experiencing muscle
contractions and relaxation, jerking type movements and increase salivation.
Postictal Phase - answerSeizure phase when the patient typically is confused, has it
decreased level of consciousness, has aching muscles and fatigued
Ischemic Stroke (Thrombotic) - answerCondition when an occlusion forms in the
brain caused by atherosclerosis.
Ischemic Stroke (Embolic) - answerCondition when a clot forms in different part of
the body and travels to the brain.
Osetoporosis - answerDecreased Bone Mineral Density
Osteoporosis Pathophysiology - answerBone remodeling leads to increased bone
reabsorption, leads to decreased bone formation causing thin fragile bones leading
to fractures. Increased osteoclast activity and decreased osteoblast activity.
Risk factors for Osteoporosis - answer1. Postmenopausal women
2. Aging
3. Sedentary Lifestyle
4. Hyperthyroidism
5. Smoking
Rheumatoid Arthritis - answerAutoimmune disorder causing chronic systemic
inflammation
Pathophysiology Rheumatoid Arthritis - answer1. Neutrophils degrade surface layer
of cartilage
2. Inflammatory cytokines breakdown cartilage & bone
3. T-Cells cause fibroblasts to turn into a thick abnormal layer of tissue
4. Inflammation is constant & spreads to ALL synovial joints
Difference between Osteoarthritis & Rheumatoid Arthritis - answerOsteoarthritis is a
degenerative condition due to "wear and tear" cartilage breaks down causing stiff
joints and pain.
Rheumatoid arthritis is a systemic autoimmune disorder. Additional symptoms
include fever and affects all synovial joints.
Acute Pain - answerCondition last < 3 months. Body's protective mechanism. Can be
classified as somatic, visceral, or referred.
Chronic pain - answerLasts > 6 months. Non-protective, Poorly understood.
Neuropathic pain - answerDysfunction of the nervous system. i.e. Fibromyalgia
Pain management - answerWhat is the treatment that increases or decreases
transmission of pain signals.
Neurotransmitters - answerWhat are the chemicals that the nervous system uses to
communicate with a brain.
Pain Transduction - answerNociceptors receptor at the end of a sensory neuron's
axon that responds to damaging or potentially damaging stimuli by sending possible
threat signals to the spinal cord and the brain
Pain transmission - answerWhat pain pathway signal goes to the central nervous
system
, Pain perception - answerPain pathway how the brain interprets the pain signal
Pain threshold - answerMinimum amount of stimuli that it takes for you to perceive
pain. This pathway is the same for everyone
Pain tolerance - answerThe amount of pain the body can handle before you
involuntarily remove the stimuli.
Afferent - answerThe type of pain that transmit from the peripheral nervous system
to the central nervous system
Efferent - answerWhen the pain goes from the central nervous system to the
peripheral nervous system tell somebody how to react.
Endorphins - answerChemicals released usually during exercise to prevent pain
transmission signals.
Serotonin and GABA - answerWhat chemical reduces translation of pain. This
usually happens after the labor/childbirth
Seizures - answerThis condition as a result of massive firing of neurons all at the
same time.
Why are seizures life-threatening? - answerCan cause aspiration, trauma, hypoxia,
hypoglycemia.
What are typical causes of seizures? - answerMetabolic, congenital, genetic,
prenatal, trauma, infection, tumor, vascular disease, drugs and alcohol abuse.
Preictal phase (prodromal) - answerSeizure phase where the patient experiences
nausea, irritabliliy, muscle twitching, and hours before the event.
Preictal Phase (Aura) - answerSeizure phase when the patient experiences visual or
auditory sensations. Typically right before seizure.
Ictal Phase (Tonic) - answerSeizure phase when the patient is actually experiencing
muscle contractions, Increased rigidity, tight jaw and loses consciousness
Ictal Phase (Clonic) - answerSeizure phase when the patient is experiencing muscle
contractions and relaxation, jerking type movements and increase salivation.
Postictal Phase - answerSeizure phase when the patient typically is confused, has it
decreased level of consciousness, has aching muscles and fatigued
Ischemic Stroke (Thrombotic) - answerCondition when an occlusion forms in the
brain caused by atherosclerosis.
Ischemic Stroke (Embolic) - answerCondition when a clot forms in different part of
the body and travels to the brain.
