Building Systems Test 1 with 100% correct answers 2024

Interior designer's role in site and foundation - answer-understanding of orientation and how that will impact interior Interior designer's role in structure - answer-space planning within the existing structural walls and grid moral responsibilities of interior designer - answer-personal set of values applied to a project occur at middle level of moral development Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development - answer-pre-conventional: avoid punishment conventional: concern for community and peers post-conventional: concern for wider society and universal ethical principles ethical responsibilities of interior designer - answer-occur at highest level of moral development endangering man's ecosystem environmental ethics - nature has its own value legal responsibilities of interior designer - answer-avoidance of punishment meet basic building code requirements BIM - what does it stand for? what is the process? - answer-Building information modeling all stakeholders are part of conversation as early as possible includes costs, material qualities, and other information that the whole team can work on at once Phases of the traditional design process? - answer-programming schematic design design development construction documents project out for bid construction administration what are shop drawings? - answer-Say what exactly is going to be put together with what elements Set of drawings which provide details of various components that help in the construction of a project Ex: plan of kitchen layout What is the traditional meaning of value engineering? - answer-Looking at drawings and taking stuff out to make project less expensive Part of the traditional process 4 tiers of LEED certification - answer-certified, silver, gold, platinum LEED Certified vs. LEED Accredited. - answer-LEED Accredited is for a person who has passed the LEED exam LEED certification is for a project Be able to place terms given into the correct category: LEED - answer-Green Building Rating System Be able to place terms given into the correct category: Green Globes - answer-Green Building Rating System Be able to place terms given into the correct category: AASHE STARS - answer-Green Building Rating System Be able to place terms given into the correct category: Green Guidelines for Healthcare (GGHC) - answer-Green Building Rating System Be able to place terms given into the correct category: Living Building Challenge (LBC) - answer-Green Building Rating System Be able to place terms given into the correct category: International Standard Organization (ISO) - answer-Green Building Rating System Be able to place terms given into the correct category: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) - answer-Green Building Rating System Be able to place terms given into the correct category: Building for Environmental and Economic Sustainability (BEES) - answer-Green Building Rating System Be able to place terms given into the correct category: The Natural Step - answer-theory of sustainable design Be able to place terms given into the correct category: ecological design - answer-theory of sustainable design Be able to place terms given into the correct category: pattern language - answer-theory of sustainable design Be able to place terms given into the correct category: Hannover Principles - answer-theory of sustainable design Be able to place terms given into the correct category: biomimicry - answer-theory of sustainable design Be able to place terms given into the correct category: permaculture - answer-theory of sustainable design Be able to place terms given into the correct category: National Park Service (NPS) - answer-theory of sustainable design Be able to place terms given into the correct category: cradle to cradle - answer-theory of sustainable design Be able to place terms given into the correct category: biophilia/biophilic design - answer-theory of sustainable design Be able to place terms given into the correct category: ecological footprint - answer-theory of sustainable design 3 types of product oversight and rating systems - answer-1st, 2nd, 3rd party 2nd party rating system - answer-assessment is performed by an interested party such as a trade association; an industry seeks to provide its own method of certifying sustainable features of a type of product (Carpet and Rug Institute (CRI), Green Label Plus) 3rd party rating system - answer-Outside agency certifies a product to conform with a set of standards (Forest Stewardship Council, Energy Star, Scientific Certification Systems (SCS), Sustainable Choice) 1st party rating system - answer-assessment that comes directly from an organization that is associated with the entity making the claim or who may benefit from the claim What is the difference between second party and third party certification? - answer-Second party = has a stake in some indirect way of the results of the certification, within the company Third party = no stake in the outcome of the certification, independent, unbiased What is the difference between biophilia and biomimicry? - answer-Biophilia: Focuses on relationship between humans and nature through design Biomimicry: Learn from nature to improve design Discuss the role of an interior designer in a sustainable building project. - answer-Role is to be aware of where materials are coming from What is the principal purpose of building codes? - answer-Ensure health, safety, and welfare of the people using a building What is the difference between performance and prescriptive codes? - answer-Performance codes: allow innovative solutions to meet code requirements by providing an objective but not the specifics of how to achieve it Prescriptive codes: provides a precise requirement What historical events led to sweeping changes in the building codes in the U.S.? - answer-1800s: lots of fires, no fire escapes or other safety measures were in place at the time New York City fire 1911: Top three floors of ten floor building 146 factory workers killed Chicago fire december 1968: No fire escape No fire safe doors All wood Nun and children died Grenfell tower 2017: Flammable cladding Fire spread extremely rapidly What are the two most widely adopted codes in the U.S.? - answer-IBC - building code LSC - life safety code Be able to discuss sustainability codes. - answer-Sustainability codes have a different focus than building codes Typical codes limit potential physical hazards, while sustainability codes focus on how the building's environment and materials affect occupants and the world around it Can be used as an overlay to other codes by certain jurisdictions California - pioneer in sustainability codes California Green Building Standards Code (CALGreen) What code does Virginia currently use? - answer-IBC 2012: Virginia Amended Code What are ICBO, BOCA, SBCCI? - answer-Regional Code Authors Combined to form the ICC (international code council) Legacy organizations or model code writing organizations What does ADA stand for? - answer-Americans with Disabilities Act When a federal regulation is passed into law... - answer-it becomes mandatory nationwide. It must be complied with by all jurisdictions. (For example: ADA is a mandatory federal standard and a law.) Building codes, on the other hand... - answer-are chosen and adopted by a jurisdiction, not mandated at the federal level. The construction of a federal building is usually not... - answer-subject to state and local building codes and regulations. Instead, each federal agency has its own... - answer-building regulations and criteria. The two largest code-writing organizations are - answer-ICC: International Code Council NFPA: National Fire Protection Association IBC (International Building Code) references a variety of other codes, such as... - answer-the IPC (Int'l Plumbing Code) and NEC (National Electrical Code), that are published by various organizations, including the ICC, or the NFPA and its collaborators. What is Zoning? - answer-rules to control the use of land What are some of the restrictions on a building project set by local zoning? - answer-Use - residential, agricultural, commercial, industrial use of land Structure height and size What is a setback, and what was the historical motivation for this rule? - answer-Setbacks: A zoning tool that says that a building has to be a certain distance back from the street Historical: Tall buildings caused very dark areas from shadows being cast from the buildings Came up with a zoning regulation, where a setback line in 3 dimensions is established so that light can reach the street What is included in contract documents but not bidding documents? - answer-Contract modifications What is the relationship between construction documents, contract documents, and bidding documents? - answer-Construction documents - big umbrella Bid documents - includes bidding requirements and does not include contract modifications Contract documents - does not include bidding requirements, but includes contract modifications How can building placement on the site save energy? - answer-Buildings designed to take advantage of daylight use less energy How a building is placed with relationship to sun, prevailing winds, and other site appurtenances affects energy use of building Regulatory site issues - answer-Address man-made conditions imposed on site Zoning, building codes, site accessibility requirements Dictate max footprint of building, max height, required setbacks from property lines, use of building Aesthetic site issues - answer-Views and site features to be preserved and highlighted Maximize views of pleasing site features by considering the building placement on the site Environmental site issues - answer-Consideration of site's ecosystem and weather Human intervention may create environmental issues for that site What is glare and what are some possible solutions? - answer-Glare - unwanted, disruptive light coming from a given source (ie. on computer screens) Window treatments Interior and exterior light shelves Space-planning solutions shallow foundation types - answer-Slab-on-grade Crawl spaces Basements Matt/raft foundation Continuous wall footing deep foundation types - answer-Pile: mechanically driven into soil Caisson: reinforced, cast-in-place concrete Substructure What does the term "grade" refer to in this context? - answer-Ground level Bearing Wall - what is it, what is it constructed out of? - answer-Entire wall carries all loads to foundation beneath Most frequently constructed of concrete, stone, brick, or concrete block Structural frame - what is it, what is it constructed out of? - answer-Columns and beams that transmit loads to foundation Heavy timber, structural steel, precast concrete Stud wall - what is it, what is it constructed out of? - answer-Several small members carry loads to a horizontal sole plate that in turn distributes the weight to a sill plate Light gauge steel and light frame wood nominal vs. actual dimensions - answer-Actual dimensions are smaller than nominal dimensions Nominal size = the size of the wood when it's wet Actual size = the size of the wood when it's dry curtain wall systems - what are they? - answer-Exterior wall Not load bearing Part of a building enclosure Glass facade, precast concrete panels Name some sustainable siding options. - answer-Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certified Wood shingles or boards Concrete panels and concrete board siding Stucco Name materials that can be both structural and finish materials. - answer-Concrete CMU (concrete masonry unit) (cinder block) Steel Wood Brick Stone Discuss the primary roof framing materials. - answer-Wood Stick-built on-site Prefabricated and shipped to site Heavy timber framing trusses Metal Open-web steel joists that support metal decking filled with concrete Concrete and steel combination enables roof to work in both tension and compression Concrete Concrete beams used to support roof structure Poured-in-place or precast Requires steel reinforcing to resist cracking - concrete works well in compression but not in tension Concrete: What are the ingredients? - answer-Portland cement + aggregate + water Admixtures - answer-A material other than water, aggregates, and hydraulic cements used as an ingredient of concrete or mortar and added to the batch immediately. to fresh or harden concrete Hydration - answer-a chemical reaction in which the major compounds in cement form chemical bonds with water molecules and become hydrates, heat is generated How long does concrete generally take to reach full strength? - answer-28 days Truss Types - answer-Belgian Bowstring Fink Scissor What is a parapet? - answer-Low wall located above roof plane on front facade to mask the roof behind material options for flat roof - answer-rolled membrane roof or bituminous substance roof sometimes with ballast (small rounded rocks) on top of membrane to hold membrane in place Green roof material options for low sloped roof - answer-Double-layered asphalt shingles Rolled asphalt Corrugated metal roofing material options for sloped roof - answer-Tiles Shingles (wood and metal) Standing-seam metal Slate for roofs with steeper slope Brownfield Site - answer-One that has been designated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or other agency as one requiring some remediation due to previous contamination - should be considered a preferable option to previously undeveloped land High or low albedo material - answer-Albedo is a decimal/percentage that represents the amount of light that is reflected back into the environment Lighter colored materials reflect more sunlight than darker ones and therefore have a higher albedo Ex: Asphalt has an albedo of .05, which means 5% of the light is reflected, while 95% is absorbed Ex: fresh snow has a high albedo of .95, which means 95% of the light is reflected Solar reflectance index (SRI) - answer-A measure of the constructed surface's ability to stay cool in the sun by reflecting solar radiation and emitting thermal radiation Standard black surface has an SRI of 0 Standard white surface has an SRI of 100 To calculate SRI of given material, obtain is solar reflectance and thermal emittance via Cool Roof Rating Council Standard Living Machine - answer-a wastewater treatment system designed to treat raw sewage through a natural purification process Whitewater - answer-drinkable water Graywater - answer-suitable for flushing toilets Blackwater - answer-raw sewage Xeriscaping - answer-using native plants to reduce/ conserve water (mulch) What can interior designers can do to minimize the environmental impact of construction? - answer-Confirmation that preliminary space plans and design concepts are safe, functional, aesthetically appropriate, and meet all public health, safety, and welfare requirements, including code, accessibility, environmental, and sustainability guidelines Scope of work of an interior designer - IIDA, NCIDQ, ASID - what do the three definitions have in common? - answer-Protect life, health, and safety of public Qualified by education, experience, and examination Improve quality of life Phases of the design process - understand the basic responsibilities/ main activities of an interior designer in each phase - answer-Programming Schematic design Design development Construction documents Construction administration Post-occupancy evaluation How does an interior designer work with structural changes? - answer-Space planning within the existing structural walls and grid What is the licensing exam that an interior designer must pass in order to be a professional interior designer? - answer-National Council for Interior Design Qualification (NCIDQ) gravity and equilibrium as they relate to structures (Newton's Third Law of Motion) force - answer-Newton's Third Law of Motion: the sum of all the forces (loads) in a building must equal zero Load - answer-Actions or forces, formations, or accelerations applied to a structure or its components Cause stress, deformations, and displacements in structures Stress - what is it? list the types. - answer-force applied to a body tension compression shear bending tension - answer-stretch a member compression - answer-crush a member shear - answer-caused by sliding forces moving in two different directions bending - answer-material is deformed under the weight of a load How are these forces distributed in the cross-section of a beam? (compression and tension) - answer-Tension occurs on underside of structural beam Compression occurs at top of structural beam what is deflection? - answer-The change from the original position of the beam when a beam is bent due to stress Visually, deflection is not noticeable (diagrams are exaggerated) what is strain? - answer-The change in length of a stressed structural element divided by the original length of the unstressed element Force - answer-A push or a pull live load - answer-vertical load loads that move superimposed by occupancy and use of building people, furniture, supplies dead load - answer-vertical load the weight of the structure itself walls, floors, roofs, fixed service equipment static load - answer-any load which does not change over time, or changes very slowly dynamic load - answer-sudden jarring movements earthquake, wind period of a building:, oscillation, resonance lateral force - answer-A force acting in a generally horizontal direction, such as wind, earthquake, or hydrostatic pressure from water in soil sliding - answer-friction that occurs when one solid surface slides over another the sum of the forces in the horizontal direction must be less than the sliding resistance provided by the soil in order for building not to slide overturning - answer-dead load in structure must be sufficient to prevent overturning from the buoyancy force uplift - answer-the dead weight of the building must resist uplift forces imposed by wind and buoyancy on the building the sum of the forces in the vertical direction must be greater than the buoyancy force in order for structure to stay in ground retained earth - answer-soil lateral load hydrostatic pressure - answer-comes from water in the soil or from earthquakes moment - answer-The moment of a force is a measure of its tendency to cause a body to rotate about a specific point or axis shear wall - answer-It is designed to resist lateral forces parallel to the plane of the wall load bearing wall and what materials - answer-Entire wall carries all loads to foundation beneath constructed of concrete or CMU, stone, brick three basic conventional systems: - answer-bearing wall stud wall structural frame post and beam - answer-Beam is horizontal member, supports loads perpendicular Post (column) is a vertical member horizontal beam spanning between two posts Operates in compression (column or post) and in bending and shear (beam) Cantilevered beam - answer-when beam extends beyond a post short column fails by... long column fails by... - answer-crushing buckling Arch - answer-Works in compression Roof construction Timber, steel, reinforced concrete or masonry Shell - answer-Works in tension and/or compression Thin curved membrane Reinforced concrete A shell divides building into 1 of 3 types: - answer-Short-span building Moderately long-span building Long-span building Trusses - answer-triangulation, top chord and bottom chord Wood or steel Roof construction Concentrated load - answer-Load that is applied at one point AC unit, heavy safe, column Uniform load - answer-a force spread over a length or area flooring material, roofing material historic systems: heavy timber frame (aka column and beam system) - answer-mortise and tenon joints pre-Civil War historic systems: nominal and actual dimensions - answer-used to be the same contemporary systems: wool brick and glulam beams - answer-reduced greenhouse gas emissions glulam beams: multiple pieces of wood glued on top of each other, grain is laid in opposing directions to make it a strong piece of sheathing top and bottom under most tension and compression middle has neutral stresses open web steel joists (aka bar joists) - answer-Type of metal roof framing material Support metal decking filled with concrete alternative systems: SIPs - answer-agriboard - sustainable SIPs product made from rice or wheat straw use 30% less wood than standard light frame construction easily assembled on site integral insulation, no thermal mass alternative systems: COB - answer-uses earth, straw, water, and sand formed into variety of shapes provides natural insulation earthen walls - self supporting cob house alternative systems: straw bale - answer-wood frame provides structural framework bamboo often used inside bales of hay to keep them aligned vertically alternative systems: adobe - answer-dirt with added water clay in soil - more stable excellent insulator arid climates with abundant clay-enriched soil and scarce rain alternative systems: rammed earth - answer-large load-bearing walls self-supporting lateral excellent insulation Great Wall of china primary material = earth alternative systems: cordwood construction - answer-firewood held together with concrete alternative systems: bamboo - answer-rapidly renewable resource framing system similar to light frame construction - multiple members placed at regular intervals canes of bamboo joined together alternative systems: earth-sheltered - answer-building partially concealed beneath ground relies on constant ground temperature to maintain a constant interior temperature alternative systems: gabion walls - answer-metal cage containing rocks approximately 5-6 inches in diameter used as retaining wall or in built construction alternative systems: sandbag - answer-stacked sandbags within a timber frame thermal insulation and sound absorption keeping water from entering vernacular construction - Africa and other places with abundance of sand and local labor alternative systems: structural biocomposite - answer-developed by Ecovative Design high-performance biomaterial using agricultural waste and fungal mycelium (mushrooms) used in place of engineered woods have met rating systems for low VOC content alternative systems: fiber reinforced plastics - answer-extremely flexible, strong, durable, and stable corrosion resistance and lightweight alternative systems: carbon fiber insulated concrete forms (ICFs) - answer-rigid insulation forms held together with plastic or metal used as framework for poured concrete wall used for foundations naturally pest resistant what is a thermal mass? - answer-Ability of a material to absorb and store heat energy Be able to place terms given into the correct category: Energy Star - answer-certification Be able to place terms given into the correct category: Forest Stewardship Council - answer-certification Be able to place terms given into the correct category: Green Seal - answer-certification Be able to place terms given into the correct category: cradle to cradle - answer-certification Be able to place terms given into the correct category: GREENGUARD - answer-certification Be able to place terms given into the correct category: Green Squared - answer-certification Be able to place terms given into the correct category: WaterSense - answer-certification Be able to place terms given into the correct category: SCS Global Services - answer-certification private regulations and standards - answer-Covenants and easements (no build zone) Neighborhood association local regulations and standards - answer-Zoning and ROW easements adopted model codes state regulations and standards - answer-Virginia: Uniform Statewide Building Code - 2012 IBC with amendments National (or international) regulations and standards - answer-Standards created by Industry Testing Organizations (ANSI - ANS process - watchdog of the standards industry) National Organizations - ASTM, UL, NSF, ASHRAE Federal regulations and standards - answer-Civil Rights/ADA/Fair Housing Act, OSHA (workplace safety), Energy Performance Standards (for federal buildings) Federal Organizations - OSHA, NIOSH, DOJ running bond - answer- common bond - answer- stack bond - answer- English bond - answer- Flemish bond - answer- header brick - answer- stretcher brick - answer- soldier brick - answer- shiner brick - answer- row lock brick - answer- sailor brick - answer- folded plate roof - answer- tent inflated roof - answer-looks like multiple tents dome roof - answer- flat with parapet roof - answer-think of downtown, u know this one shed roof - answer-slopes to one side gambrel roof - answer- hip roof - answer- mansard roof - answer- gable roof - answer-A pitched roof with two sloped sides shell roof - answer-pic doesn't really match exactly belgian truss - answer-only inclined web members bowstring truss - answer-A truss that is curved on the top and straight on the bottom. Fink truss - answer-A Belgian truss having subdiagonals to reduce the length of compression web members toward the centerline of the span scissor truss - answer- rafters - answer- soffit and fascia - answer-soffit - the underside of a roof overhang, tucked under fascia fascia - carries guttering, runs along lower edge of roof sheathing - answer-A covering placed over exterior studs or rafters that serve as a base below the exterior finish materials. top plate - answer-A horizontal structural member located on top of the studs used to hold the wall together. Issues related to site design and building placement can be divided into three basic categories. These are ____________. - answer-regulatory, aesthetic, and environmental What two elements are often used between the roof framing and the roofing finish material? - answer-insulation and sheathing Common roof shapes in North America include ________________. - answer-hip, gable, and flat with parapet Metal decking is often combined with _____________________ in roof construction. - answer-poured concrete What are some advantages of green roofs discussed in the reading? - answer-they absorb rainwater, reduce heat-island effect, and attract local birds and insects Differential settlement is typically a result of _____________________. - answer-uneven load distribution What characteristics do all three definitions of the scope of work of an interior designer have in common? IIDA, NCIDQ, ASID - answer-qualified by education, experience, and examination enhance or improve the quality of life protect the health, safety, and welfare of the public Which of the following is typically used as a retaining wall? - answer-gabion which of the following deck/floor systems is compatible with a steel frame? - answer-bar joist with steel subfloor Which of the following includes rigid insulation? - answer-insulated concrete forms According to your reading, the four primary characteristics of a structural system are: - answer-stability, strength and stiffness, economy, aesthetics Which of the following structural forms relies on the principle of triangulation to support a load? - answer-truss Which of the following definitions of the scope of work of an interior designer differentiates between a designer and a decorator? - answer-ASID Which federal regulation ultimately contributed to the development of a number of independent standards-writing organizations and regulatory and trade associations? - answer-CPSA The _______ is not a building code. It concentrates on problems involving the removal or evacuation of all persons from a building. The purpose of the code is to establish minimum requirements for the design, construction, operation, and maintenance of buildings as required to protect building occupants from danger caused by fire, smoke, and toxic fumes. - answer-LSC Which of the following was established as a requirement by the US Department of Energy under the federal Energy Policy Act of 2005? - answer-ASHRAE 90.1 Which energy conservation code is published by the ICC? - answer-IECC Programming - answer-determine applicable codes, standards, and federal regulations; determine occupancy time and occupancy load, determine level of sustainability Schematic Design - answer-incorporate code and sustainability compliance into design, keep in mind egress, rated walls, etc. includes the preliminary plans for the project, space drawings, proposed materials, electrical and mechanical issues, and projected costs. Design Development - answer-Preliminary Review - meet with code official to review conflicting code requirements Drafting plans, elevations, RCPs Construction Documents - answer-check technical requirements (aisle widths, stair dimensions, clearances, finish classifications) Drawings, plans, specifications, etc. associated with a construction project. Construction Administration - answer-Inspection Process - code officials review work by contractor Architect reviews processes, shop drawings, submittals, observes construction making sure it is consistent with the contract, evaluates contractor accomplishment and request for payments and administers the project closeout procedure Post-occupancy evaluation - answer-provide documentation to clients for them to maintain building as required for codes and standards is the process of obtaining feedback on a building's performance in use.