Nursing Informatics Exam 293 Questions with Verified Answers,100% CORRECT

Nursing Informatics Exam 293 Questions with Verified Answers Nursing informatics is: - CORRECT ANSWER the study and application of technology, information, and computer science to the practice of nursing The Foundation of Knowledge Model illustrates: - CORRECT ANSWER the dynamic, evolving nature of knowledge. We learn by continually acquiring, processing, generating, and disseminating knowledge. As we share our knowledge, we also receive feedback, leading us to rethink and reshape our own knowledge base in a continual cycle., core level of knowledge The Foundation of Knowledge Model provides a framework for the four building blocks of Nursing Informatics; the four building blocks are: - CORRECT ANSWER Nursing Science, information science, computer science and cognitive science Knowledge is: - CORRECT ANSWER the awareness and understanding of a set of information and ways that information can be made useful to support a specific task or arrive at a decision. Nursing science is: - CORRECT ANSWER the ethical application of knowledge acquired through education, research and practice to provide services and interventions to patients in order to maintain, enhance or restore their health. What concepts form the basis of the nursing informatics framework? - CORRECT ANSWER Data, information, knowledge, and wisdom are all concepts that form the basis of the conceptual framework for nursing informatics. In regards to Demands of Health-Related Information, what are some demands or requirements for standardized technologies? - CORRECT ANSWER The demands on standardized nursing terminologies include accessibility, ubiquity, longevity, and reusability The Center for Evidence-Based Practices (CEBP) focuses on: - CORRECT ANSWER research-to-practice initiatives related to early intervention, early childhood education, parent and family support, and family-centered practices. True or False Nurses use all of the aspects of the Foundation of Knowledge Model, regardless of their area of practice. - CORRECT ANSWER True The agency for healthcare research and quality (AHRQ) - CORRECT ANSWER supports health services research initiatives. Their website has a wealth of information regarding health care quality. The American Nationals Standards institute (ANSI) - CORRECT ANSWER aims to reduce patient risk from harm, decrease healthcare costs, and improve patient outcomes through promoting research and technology applications focused on evidence-based practice (EBP). The ISO (International Standard for Organization) created the standard ISO 18104:2003 "Health informatics—Integration of a reference terminology model for nursing." At the heart of this ISO standard are two models, what are they: - CORRECT ANSWER one model for assessing nursing diagnoses, and another for assessing nursing actions. Information is: - CORRECT ANSWER data that has been processed and has meaning because it is organized in a way that people find meaningful and useful Data, such as keyboard input data, is known as - CORRECT ANSWER alpha data, which includes all text and numeric outputs of digital monitors Input such as using the keyboard to place information in the search engine describes the term - CORRECT ANSWER Data Knowledge - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the synthesis of information and data that is always evolving. A paper is an example of sharing __________________. Viability of Knowledge, for knowledge to be viable it must be: - CORRECT ANSWER Easily accessed, Accurate, Timely, Presented in a way that is understandable and organized so that new knowledge can be generated. Nurses interact with technology in all aspects of their practice. When using any technology, the goal of the interaction should be: - CORRECT ANSWER improved patient outcomes. Raw facts are often called: - CORRECT ANSWER Data Processed data that that has meaning is - CORRECT ANSWER Information Types of data include: - CORRECT ANSWER alpha, numeric, audio, image, and video data. Alphanumeric data that nurses encounter might be patients' names and identification numbers. Audio data might be monitor alerts, alarms, or dictated notes. Data integrity refers to - CORRECT ANSWER how complete and correct data is Information science is - CORRECT ANSWER the science of information studying the application and usage of information and knowledge in organizations and the interfacing or interaction between people organizations and information systems. Integrates features from cognitive science, communication science, computer science, library science and social sciences Why do we need information systems in health care? - CORRECT ANSWER Information systems shape healthcare organizations as they affect communication, speed, and storage and access of information and data. Information systems are also used to manage the following: - CORRECT ANSWER personnel data, monitor paid hours, and how/when staff is paid for work; types of equipment, availability, clinical materials, and financing of both. True or False Healthcare information systems are Computer based information systems, or CBIS - CORRECT ANSWER True Computer based information systems, or CBIS must have two key elements to function well: - CORRECT ANSWER decision making/problem-solving ability AND the quality of data/information inputted. True or False Computer based information systems includes patient care equipment. - CORRECT ANSWER True These systems contain equipment, hardware, software, storage, and networks that work together for a specific purpose like healthcare information management - CORRECT ANSWER Computer based information systems Name some Information systems that might be found in a healthcare setting: - CORRECT ANSWER Clinical information system (CIS), Decision support system (DSS), Executive support system, Geographic information system (GIS) Management information system (MIS), Office system, Transaction processing system (TPS), Hospital information system (HIS) Name an Information systems that is used to document patient care. - CORRECT ANSWER Clinical information system (CIS) Name 3 things crucial things required when more than one information system is used within a healthcare setting: - CORRECT ANSWER interaction, security, and functionality of systems are crucial. This health professional is a knowledge worker who gathers and inputs correct data and uses the CBIS to find pertinent information to assist in the care of patients - CORRECT ANSWER A Nurse A person involved with the information technology infrastructure of an organization. This role is sometimes called chief knowledge officer. - CORRECT ANSWER Chief information officer (CIO) Person focused on organizational-based scientific and technical issues; responsible for technological research and development as part of the organization's products and services. - CORRECT ANSWER Chief technology/Technical officer (CTO) A nurse who specializes in nursing informatics and who works with the CIO, CTO, nurses, and other staff to integrate, improve, and use the CBIS. - CORRECT ANSWER Nurse informaticist This system uses data acquisition, processing, dissemination, and feedback of information and assists nurses in the continuous cycle of knowledge generation and transmission - CORRECT ANSWER CBIS or Computer based information system any information entered into a computer system is called - CORRECT ANSWER Data input Using fingerprints for administration of medications, and kicking a form back because a mandatory area wasn't completed are both types of: - CORRECT ANSWER Verification of data by the IS The retrieval, analysis, or synthesis of data is called - CORRECT ANSWER Processing True or false Storage is never considered part of processing, - CORRECT ANSWER False Includes anything that returns information back to a user, multiple printed or electronic formats, often associated with printed documents - CORRECT ANSWER Output the science of understanding what information is housed in and processed by the brain. - CORRECT ANSWER Cognitive informatics (CI) A field that involves both cognitive informatics and artificial intelligence - CORRECT ANSWER Cognitive science The conception, development, and implementation of informatics tools based on intelligent technologies. - CORRECT ANSWER Artificial intelligence (AI) facilitates the integration of knowledge, data, and information to support nurses and other providers in the various roles they play; enhances The Foundation of Knowledge model by supporting nurses in their quest for information and knowledge. - CORRECT ANSWER Nursing Informatics (NI) Thurmond described four types of web-based learning interactions: - CORRECT ANSWER learner-learner, learner-content, learner-instructor and learner-interface interactions. Students build their knowledge by finding, retrieving and using information that they need. - CORRECT ANSWER Learner-Learner Interactions Students build their knowledge through interactions with the course content. - CORRECT ANSWER Learner-Content Interactions the process by which collected data is processed to identify trends and relationship patterns. - CORRECT ANSWER Data analysis Two types of data exist, what are they: - CORRECT ANSWER quantitative and qualitative data focused on number and frequency analysis, which matches perfectly to technology use. - CORRECT ANSWER Qualitative data Examples of quantitative data include - CORRECT ANSWER a patient's height, weight, and vital signs. data that focuses on words, experiences, scenarios, value, and meaning. - CORRECT ANSWER Qualitative data Qualitative data is not measurable in terms of tangible variables, such as numbers Qualitative data is not measurable in terms of tangible variables, such as numbers, examples of qualitative data include: - CORRECT ANSWER information obtained from interviews and direct observations. Acquiring knowledge from one situation and applying it to a similar situation. It moves thoughts and ideas from one area to another for the generation and dissemination of knowledge. - CORRECT ANSWER Translational research The nurse is interested in researching a topic of interest in clinical nursing practice. What options are most suitable for researching existing information? - CORRECT ANSWER Interviewing a specialist, Online websites Professional databases Healthcare workers rely on _______________research because medical, biomedical, informatics, and nursing research can be translated from the original source and applied directly to bedside and clinical interventions - CORRECT ANSWER translational research A system that grades evidential research based on various categories of importance - CORRECT ANSWER evidence hierarchy Translates steps for research into clinical practice - CORRECT ANSWER Iowa Model The four steps to the Iowa model are: - CORRECT ANSWER Identification, research, adaption, implementation and evaluation a form of systemic review that relies on technology to combine the results of multiple studies for statistical analysis - CORRECT ANSWER Met-analysis Combines data from multiple sources, integrating them into one data set. - CORRECT ANSWER systematic review This type of collective approach gives researchers and nurses much valuable information without having to search in a variety of locations for it. - CORRECT ANSWER meta-analysis a form of systemic review that combines information for statistical analysis - CORRECT ANSWER Meta-analysis What is the last step in the Iowa Model? - CORRECT ANSWER Iowa model lists Implementation and Evaluation as the final research step, to ensure patient outcomes Translational research has to do with - CORRECT ANSWER translating information that is obtained and applying it into practice. a way to deliver efficient and effective information systems that fit with the strategic business plan of an organization. - CORRECT ANSWER The System Development Life Cycle (SDLC) Model typically includes six phases, Feasibility, Analysis, Design, Implement, Test, Maintain - CORRECT ANSWER Waterfall model A method of testing that allows user feedback to influence added functionality. This is done through beta testing, which puts the product in the hand of future users. - CORRECT ANSWER Rapid Application Development RAD The advantage of this system is the relative speed in which a product can be perfected and rolled out. In addition, potential problems can be addressed before the product is released to the wider market. - CORRECT ANSWER Rapid Application Development RAD The key to the success of RAD, rapid application development. - CORRECT ANSWER Usability Attempts to recreate real world objects such as hospitals and nurses into abstract computer software objects - CORRECT ANSWER Object-Oriented Systems Development (OOSD) The system is designed to solve the needs of users. - CORRECT ANSWER Object-Oriented Systems Development (OOSD) One approach that address the organizational, managerial, and interpersonal communication issues that often slow down SDLC projects, has 3 steps: Pre-project, Project life cycle, Post-project - CORRECT ANSWER The Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM) The Dynamic Systems Development Method (DSDM) Phase 2 of the DSDM is the Project Life Cycle. The Project Life Cycle is the longest of the development phases, consisting of five steps: - CORRECT ANSWER Feasibility, Business studies, Functional model iteration, Design and build iteration. Implementation Mary is the NI specialist in a large orthopaedic hospital. Mary needs to ensure that bedside nurses are able to access lab value meanings on their handheld devices. The need for this technology is great, and Mary needs this functionality immediately. Which SDLC approach will best meet Mary's need for near-immediate implementation? - CORRECT ANSWER Rapid approach Development The purpose of Rapid Application Development is to use workshops and focus groups to build a prototype application using real data and feedback from user-testers. Tools help to reduce the cost and development time while enhancing the actual quality of the end product. - CORRECT ANSWER Computer-aided software engineering (CASE) tools. Containing a repository with information about the system, CASE tools have value in their ability to make sure the models follow diagramming rules and are consistent and complete Using this software, any programmer can implement, modify, apply, reconstruct, and restructure the source codes available from existing, well-tested products. - CORRECT ANSWER OSS Open Source Software OSS is an excellent solution to the problem of sharing patient data across the healthcare network. The healthcare system is slowly beginning to recognize its benefits. Yet it also has some security issues. Health Care Organization Information Systems: A variety of information systems are used within healthcare organizations to collect, process, and distribute patient-centered data and create a record of the medical history of the patient. Five specific types of systems are used in health care. What are they? - CORRECT ANSWER Case management information systems Communication systems, Core business systems, Order entry systems, Patient care support systems When properly created, these systems can help prevent costly complications and enhance the overall outcomes for patients with chronic illness and Provide a Standardized plan of care. Increase the value of individual care. Control the costs and risks. Assimilate information obtained over a patient's lifetime. - CORRECT ANSWER Case management information systems Advantages to communication systems include: - CORRECT ANSWER A real-time approach.Facilitation of care across the entire team.Enhanced flow of communication.Promotion of information exchange. supports health care management by providing the framework for reimbursement support of best practices, and resource allocation. - CORRECT ANSWER Core business systems What are the four common core business systems. - CORRECT ANSWER Admission, discharge, and transfer system (ADT), Financial, Acuity systems, Scheduling Systems The most important systems in use in health care today: - CORRECT ANSWER Order Entry Systems (OESs) Advantages Order Entry Systems (OESs) - CORRECT ANSWER Assist with Automation of the traditional way orders have been initiated; provide Clear and legible orders; used as A major safeguard against errors; Provide greater patient safety; Can Accommodate decision support and automated alert functionality Patient Care Support Systems are used for: - CORRECT ANSWER Collecting data about patients and distributing that information to all members of the healthcare team to work in tandem. There are four types of Patient Care Support Systems, they are - CORRECT ANSWER Clinical information systems, Pharmacy information systems, Laboratory information systems, Radiology information systems The most common type of patient care support system. Designed to collect patient data in real time. Data is readily available to clinicians and team members and contains observations, interventions, and outcomes. - CORRECT ANSWER Clinical Information System (CISs) are A Clinical Information System or CIS is also called - CORRECT ANSWER an "electronic patient record," or an "electronic health record." The first information systems in use and largely served as the model for all other systems. Reports on blood, body fluid, tissue samples, and biological specimens are processed through this system - CORRECT ANSWER Laboratory information Systems This order systems is used for entry, dispensing, verification, and authorization. These systems often interface with other clinical systems. They can help prevent adverse medication interactions by flagging pharmacists when there are potential problems - CORRECT ANSWER Pharmacy information systems This system may schedule, provide results, and store information related to diagnostic radiology procedures. - CORRECT ANSWER Radiology information systems (RIS) These systems commonly include picture archiving and communication system (PACS), which may be stand-alone or be integrated with radiology and clinical information systems. - CORRECT ANSWER Radiology information systems (RIS) Johanna is a nurse who is finding it difficult to communicate information as it relates to transferring patients between floors.Which type of health care system could Johanna consider suggesting to the NI of the hospital? - CORRECT ANSWER The core business system because it allows the health care team to facilitate admission, discharge, and transfer (ADT) of patients. Helps manage data using the relational model and could link a patient's table to a treatment table. - CORRECT ANSWER Relational database management systems (RDMS) The human-technology interface can be defined as - CORRECT ANSWER the hardware and software that define the interface employed whenever a human uses technology Typical health care settings for human-technology interfaces include: - CORRECT ANSWER Barcoded identification systems, Defibrillators. Patient-controlled medication pumps. Electronic thermometers.Pagers. James has a patient diagnosed with a rare disease that James has little experience with. He has read numerous case studies of successful treatment used in a foreign country, and he would like to discuss this with a nurse or physician who has previously worked on a case. James sets up a face-to-face call with a nurse 4,000 miles away. What type of human-technology interface is he using? - CORRECT ANSWER Video conferencing-Video conferencing allows health care teams to engage in real-time, face-to-face interactions, regardless of where each of the team members is located. Over time, three axioms have evolved for developing effective human-computer interactions. - CORRECT ANSWER 1-Users must be an early and continuous focus during interface design; 2-The design process should be iterative, allowing for evaluation and correction of identified problems; 3-Formal evaluation should take place using rigorous experimental or qualitative methods. The extent to which systems and devices can exchange data and interpret that shared data is - CORRECT ANSWER Interoperability What are the three types of interoperability - CORRECT ANSWER Technical, Semantic and Process The ability to exchange data from one point to another is _____________ interoperability - CORRECT ANSWER Technical Guaranteeing that the meaning of the exchange data remains the same on both ends of the transaction is_____________ interoperability - CORRECT ANSWER Semantic Coordinating the processes to enable business processes at an organization housing the systems to work together is called_____________ interoperability - CORRECT ANSWER Process Reusable clinical models of content are called - CORRECT ANSWER Archetypes A type of EHR organization and standards who's purpose is to improve care delivery, optimize work flow, reduce ambiguity and enhance knowledge transfer among stake holders; its structure defines data and elements, specifies how the data is coded and requires specific rules to be followed such as specifying the length of the fields and the code nomenclature - CORRECT ANSWER Health Level 7 or HL7 A type of organization or standards developed for transmission of medical images and their associated information, used in hospitals worldwide for production display, storage retrieval and printing of medical images - CORRECT ANSWER Dicom or Digital imaging and communication in medicine The open EHR supports useable archetypes that maintains these three sections: - CORRECT ANSWER Header, definition and ontology Structural frameworks for organizing information; represents knowledge as a set of concepts with in a domain, using a shared vocabulary to denote the types, properties and interrelationships of those concepts; used in artificial intelligence, semantic web, and many other areas - CORRECT ANSWER Ontology Study of that which is compositional in nature and a partial representation of the entities within a domain and the relationships that hold between them. An explicit specification of a conceptualization - CORRECT ANSWER Ontology Process of making enhancements or improvements and creative, novel, and inventive solutions in the informatics specialty. - CORRECT ANSWER Informatics innovator Nurses who demonstrate advanced and specialized nursing informatics competencies. Includes practicing nurses, nursing administration, nurse researchers and educators who have mastered skills and use technology in design, plan and coordinate the use of technologies and informatics theory in nursing - CORRECT ANSWER Informatics innovator Participates in the design and development of information systems, quality assurance programs and new applications for nursing, develops inventive ways to access data and interact with info systems: - CORRECT ANSWER Informatics innovator A nurse with specialized skills, knowledge, and competencies in informatics. An RN with an interest or experience working in an informatics field. A generalist in the field of informatics in nursing. - CORRECT ANSWER Informatics nurse (IN) An RN with formal, graduate education in the field of informatics or a related field and is considered a specialist in the field of nursing informatics - CORRECT ANSWER Informatics nurse specialist (INS) An RN with advanced education who possesses additional knowledge and skills specific to computer technology and information management; Focuses on nursing's information needs, which include education, administration, research, and clinical practice; Application and integration of the core informatics sciences: information, computer, and nursing science; Uses critical thinking, process skills, data management skills, systems life cycle development, and computer skills - CORRECT ANSWER Informatics nurse specialist (INS) Proficient in a specialty; Highly skilled in using computer technology skills and information management skills to support his or her specialty area of practice;Pulls trends out of data and makes judgments based on this information; Uses current systems, but will collaborate with informatics nurse specialist regarding concerns or suggestions provided by staff - CORRECT ANSWER Experienced Nurse Conducts informatics research and generates informatics theory; has vision of what is possible, a keen sense of timing to make things happen; is Creative in developing solutions; Leads the advancement of informatics practice and research; has a sophisticated level of skills and understanding in computer technology and information management; is cognizant of the interdependence of systems, disciplines, and outcomes, and is able to finesse situations to obtain the best outcome - CORRECT ANSWER Informatics Innovator A standardized systemized nomenclature of human and veterinary medicine clinical terms - CORRECT ANSWER SNOMED CT Logical observation identifiers, names and codes used in laboratory and clinical observation - CORRECT ANSWER LOINC International classifications of disease or injury - CORRECT ANSWER ICD 9 and ICD 10 The most widely accepted codes for billing; used to code all medical procedures - CORRECT ANSWER CPT Common procedure Terminology codes ANA CNPII - CORRECT ANSWER American Nursing Association Committee for Nurses Practice information and Infrastructure A system designed to document the six steps of the nursing process; facilitates patient care documentation at the point of care - CORRECT ANSWER CCC Clinical Care classification A unified language for nursing practice that facilitates the development of the cross mapping of existing terminologies; uses specific guidelines to develop nursing diagnosis outcomes and intervention statements; implemented as a point of care and reference terminology - CORRECT ANSWER ICNP International classifications of Nursing Practices Diagnoses used to identify human responses to health promotion, risk and disease; each diagnosis has a definition and defining characteristics - CORRECT ANSWER NANDA North American Nursing Diagnosis Association International Codes that describe the disease or injury - CORRECT ANSWER ICD Codes Describes the patients reaction to the disease and treatment - CORRECT ANSWER NANDA A classification system that describes patient outcomes sensitive to nursing interventions - CORRECT ANSWER NOC Nursing outcomes classification A measurable behavior or perception that is measured along a continuum and is responsive to nursing interventions; can apply to an individual, family or community - CORRECT ANSWER Outcome A system that evaluates the effects of nursing care as part of healthcare; consists of outcomes and can be used across the clinical setting and in specialty areas; applies to an individual, family or community - CORRECT ANSWER Nursing Outcome Classification NOC A standardized classification system of interventions that describe activities that nurses perform - CORRECT ANSWER Nursing Interventions Classifications NIC Any treatment based upon clinical judgment and knowledge that the nurse performs to enhance patient client outcomes - CORRECT ANSWER Intervention The minimum data elements necessary for defining the cost & quality of nursing care - CORRECT ANSWER NMDS Nursing Minimum data set The 3 elements that make up the NMDS (nursing minimum data set) are: - CORRECT ANSWER Nursing Care, patient demographics and service elements A system widely used in areas such as home health care, hospice, public health, school health and prisons - CORRECT ANSWER OHHCS Omaha Home Health Care OHHCS What are the three relational components of Omaha Home Healthcare Systems? - CORRECT ANSWER Assessment, Intervention and outcome are the 3 components and they are used to create a comprehensive problem solving model for practice research and education A set of standardized perioperative nursing vocabulary that provides nurses with a clear precise and universal language for clinical problems and surgical treatments; provides wording and definitions for nursing diagnoses, interventions and outcomes providing clinicians with the same terminology to describe patient care in the perioperative setting. - CORRECT ANSWER PNDS Perioperative Nursing Data Set This set of standardized terminology provides the means of sharing patient data between providers, departments, facilities and other settings; it supports the nursing process by supporting the foundation for determining the patients needs & establishing the plan of care for the perioperative clinical setting - CORRECT ANSWER PNDS Perioperative Nursing Data Set What is nursing informatics? - CORRECT ANSWER A specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science, and information science to manage and communicate data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in nursing practice What are the 3 sciences involved in nursing informatics? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Nursing science 2. Computer science 3. Information science What is information theory? - CORRECT ANSWER Processing data to produce information and in combination with knowledge and wisdom. Using information to provide care Describe another theory involved in nursing informatics (2) - CORRECT ANSWER - Systems theory: interaction with a system will create something bigger/better than just the sum of the parts - Social technical theory: study how people work and what they do to create improved interaction between technology and an organizations culture Describe the difference between EMR and EHR. - CORRECT ANSWER - EMR (Electronic Medical Record): is one provider/organizations record - EHR (Electronic Health Record): is a multiple organizations record What is PHR? Who is responsible for its maintenance? - CORRECT ANSWER - Personal Health Record: these can be on paper, a website, or even a usb drive - the patient controls their own health records What are 3 benefits of a PHR? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. See results faster 2. Can be a preventative health complication tool 3. Gets patients involved in their own healthcare What are 3 limitations of a PHR? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Privacy 2. Knowledge about how to do it, or what to put 3. Time to keep up to date What is a smart card? - CORRECT ANSWER Improves security, privacy, and can reduce health care fraud. A secure portable way to carry a PHR and secure access to emergency medical records. Compliant with government initiatives. What are 3 core objectives of Stage 1 of the 'Meaningful Use' requirements of the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (ARRA)? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Implement drug to drug and drug to allergy interaction checks 2. Maintain up-to-date problem list of current and active diagnoses 3. Record demographics: preferred language, gender, race, ethnicity, date of birth, and date and preliminary cause of death in the event of mortality in the eligible hospital or CAH What are 3 core objectives of Stage 2 of the 'Meaningful Use' requirements of the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (ARRA)? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. CPOE for medication, laboratory, and radiology orders 2. Provide patients with the ability to view, transmit, and download their health information 3. Use electronic messaging to communicate health information with patients Describe how a clinical information system (EMR or EHR) contributes to patient safety. - CORRECT ANSWER - Improves legibility - Supports safe medication practice (drug interaction/allergy) - Improves nursing workflow; eliminates redundant documentation Give an example of data about a specific quality indicator and describe how that data could be obtained from a clinical information system? - CORRECT ANSWER - Fall: on the clinical flow sheet in Horizon there is a fall risk tab where risk of the patient is charted a formula and calculates the patients fall risk. (High, Moderate, or Low Fall Risk) According to nursing researchers Staggers, Gassert, and Curran, what informatics competencies should be demonstrated by? - CORRECT ANSWER - Beginning Nurses: has fundamental information management and computer technology skills. Uses existing information systems and available information to manage practice - Experienced Nurses: has proficiency in a domain of interest (public health, education, administration). Highly skilled in using information management and computer technology skills to support their major area of practice. Sees relationships among data elements and makes judgements based on trends and patterns within this data - Nursing Informatics Specialists: an RN with advanced preparation possessing additional knowledge and skills to information management and computer technology. Focuses on information needs for the practice of nursing, which includes education, administration, research, and clinical practice. - Informatics Innovators: educationally prepared to conduct informatics research and generate informatics theories. Has a vision of what is possible and a keen sense of timing to make things happen. Leads the advancement of Informatics practice and research. Define the term 'computer fluency' - CORRECT ANSWER Implies that an individual has a lifelong commitment to acquiring a new skill for being more effective in work and personal life. Involves being able to increase ones ability to effectively use a computer when needed. What does the acronym QSEN mean? - CORRECT ANSWER Quality and Safety Education for Nurses Name the 6 categories of QSEN. - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Patient centered care 2. Teamwork and collaboration 3. Evidence based practice 4. Quality improvement 5. Safety 6. Informatics Name 3 nursing literature bibliographic databases. - CORRECT ANSWER - CINAHL, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest Nursing and Allied Health Source How do Boolean operators affect a literature search? - CORRECT ANSWER Increase and/or limit the amount of information retrieved Define the 7 leaves of evidence described in the Sewell textbook. - CORRECT ANSWER - Level 1: evidence from a systematic review or meta-analysis of all relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or evidence-based clinical practice guideline based on systematic review of RCT - Level 2: evidence obtained from at least one well-designed RCT - Level 3: evidence obtained from well-designed controlled trials without randomization - Level 4: evidence from well-designed case control and cohort study - Level 5: evidence from systematic reviews of descriptive and qualitative study - Level 6: evidence from single descriptive or qualitative study - Level 7: evidence from the opinion of authorities and/or reports of expert committees Define the term 'research practice gap' - CORRECT ANSWER The discrepancy between research on effective clinical practice and the direct care provided to patients. Name 2 factors that cause a research practice gap - CORRECT ANSWER Lack of time, lack of sufficient staff and difficulties in interpreting statistics and research writings. Access to resources is another contributing factor Define the term 'seminal work' - CORRECT ANSWER Work frequently cited by others or influences the opinion of others Provide a brief definition of Just Culture - CORRECT ANSWER A non punitive environment that is aimed at reducing errors without firing an employee for a simple error but still holding them accountable Discuss examples of barriers to a Just Culture; how can these barriers be reduced? - CORRECT ANSWER - worried about lawsuits, employees intentionally cut corners knowing that there wouldn't be punishment, and pride and ignorance of individuals and administration - education of leaders and employees can reduce barriers How can Informatics be used to monitor errors and support Just Culture? - CORRECT ANSWER J What is a BCMA and how does it contribute to patient safety? - CORRECT ANSWER Bar Code Medication Administration is a system where patients have bar codes wrist bands. These bar codes must be scanned before administrating medication. It is supposed to reduce errors when distributing medications. What are some limitations of BCMA? - CORRECT ANSWER - can't detect when a medication is being administered at the wrong time - will not be useful for a coding patient If you were a nursing manager, what report data could help you monitor the use of BCMA technology on your nursing unit? - CORRECT ANSWER - common doses - common times of medication administration - usability - errors before versus after - trends of co-signers of drugs Define telenursing and describe how it occurs - CORRECT ANSWER Use of telecommunications technology to provide nursing care while using the data and information given remotely Describe at least 2 examples of patient assessments that may be accomplished using telenursing - CORRECT ANSWER - monitor recovery process by email, interview, etc. and online charting - constant EKG can upload via Bluetooth to doctor hub so it can be constantly monitored What are some benefits of telenursing? - CORRECT ANSWER - cost - reduces infections and viruses by staying away from them at hospitals - quality of life for patients who can't leave home easily and would otherwise not have access to care What are some limitations of telenursing? - CORRECT ANSWER - not kept up to date/time - hard to adapt to technology for providers and patients - not everything can be done over telenursing What is the Leapfrog Group and how can healthcare organizations meet the CPOE criteria to be recognized by this group? - CORRECT ANSWER Large healthcare purchaser organization with focus on patient safety and value. Promotes transparency through data collection and public reporting from hospitals - the criteria is 75% medication orders must be ordered through computer that has error reduction technology; 50% of common prescribing errors must be reported How can CPOE contribute to patient safety? - CORRECT ANSWER - alerts physician about drug reactions and appropriate doses - detailed alerts about high risk medications - easier to read over hand written notes What are potential barriers to CPOE? - CORRECT ANSWER - high cost - stubborn doctors don't want to use it - systems still have glitches which can be dangerous Define bioinformatics - CORRECT ANSWER Application of computer technology to the management of biological information How did the Human Genome Project utilize bioinformatics? - CORRECT ANSWER Provided tools and programs for study and analysis for the genome present in humans - they mapped it Describe an example of data about a specific disease or condition that could be contained in a bioinformatics database - CORRECT ANSWER - drugs that will cross the blood-brain barrier - any condition or diseases with a genetic disposition: Alzheimer's , heart disease, diabetes, sickle cell, etc. Name 2 examples of nursing or medical decision support - CORRECT ANSWER - using CPOE so that when you enter medications you can get a pop up alert - evaluating fetal well being using an algorithm and monitoring What does the term alert fatigue mean and how can it impact decision support systems? - CORRECT ANSWER Nurses become desensitized to alerts such as bed alarms and they begin to ignore it which makes them stop using the information being presented What are benefits of clinical decision support systems? - CORRECT ANSWER - safer and more efficient- acts as a second pair of eyes What are limitations of clinical decision support systems? - CORRECT ANSWER - alert fatigue: desensitization - does account for everyone- bp might run high or low- not patient specific Name 4 ways a nurse can follow HIPAA guidelines for securing patient data - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Frequently changing your password 2. Not sharing your password with anyone 3. Timely logging off 4. Not sharing information about the patient in public areas where individuals not involved in that patients care can hear What are the 4 basic guidelines for quality documentation and reporting? - CORRECT ANSWER - Factual: descriptive objective information, avoid- vague terms - Accurate and Complete: (libel written/ slander spoke), DO NOT: make comments about other HCT members, chart for others, etc. - Current: timely eateries, Record near bedside, electronic documentations, military time - Organized: logical order- assessment, interventions, client response Name 5 types of patients data typically found in hospitals clinical information system? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Admission Nursing History Form 2. Flow sheet and graphic record 3. Client care summary 4. Acuity records eMAR 5. Standardized care plans Define the terms cyberchondriac and online diagnoser. Discuss the difference between them - CORRECT ANSWER Cyberchondriac- is a term that describes people who become distressed and frightened after repeated and excessive web searches for health information, it is an anxiety disorder and does not typify most consumer searches for health information Online Diagnoser- an individual who searches for online health information, it affects individuals understanding of any health problem they had and Improves their health management Define the terms health literacy and health numeracy. Name an example of each type of skill - CORRECT ANSWER Health literacy- the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information services needed to make appropriate health decisions. Example: the ability to understand instructions on a medicine bottle Health numeracy- the ability of a consumer to interpret and act on all numerical information such as graphical and probabilistic information needed to make effective health decisions. Example: laboratory values and medication schedule Nursing Informatics (NI) - CORRECT ANSWER A specialty that integrates nursing, science, computer science and information science to manage and communicate data, information, knowledge and wisdom in nursing practice Nursing Informatics' goal - CORRECT ANSWER NI goal is to improve the health of population, communities, families, and individuals by optimizing information management and communication Data - CORRECT ANSWER Discrete entities that are described objectively without interpretation Information - CORRECT ANSWER Data that are interpreted, organized or structured Knowledge - CORRECT ANSWER Information that is synthesized so that relationships are identified and formalized Wisdom - CORRECT ANSWER The appropriate use of knowledge to manage and solve human problems Patient - CORRECT ANSWER Any person who is in the system as a direct recipient of clinical healthcare service Client - CORRECT ANSWER Recipients of the informatics nurse's service Graves and Corcoran - CORRECT ANSWER Significant contributors to the definition of Nursing Informatics Informatics Solution - CORRECT ANSWER A generic term used to describe the product an informatics nurse specialist recommends after identifying and analyzing an issue. Informatics solution mass may encompass technology and nontechnology products such as information systems, new applications, nursing vocabulary or informatics curricula HIPPA - CORRECT ANSWER The Health Insurance Portability Act (1996) What are the two principle that Graves and Corcoran contributed to Nursing Informatics - CORRECT ANSWER 1.The definition of Nursing Informatics 2. The information model that identified data, information and knowledge as key components What are metastructures? - CORRECT ANSWER Metastructures are overarching concepts used in theory and science What are the metastructures in Nursing Informatics (NI) - CORRECT ANSWER Data, information and knowledge What is HIMSS ? - CORRECT ANSWER Health Information Management and System Society The Informatics Nurse serves as liaison between what two parties - CORRECT ANSWER Software engineer and end user What is a developer responsibility? - CORRECT ANSWER A developer is responsible for translating user requirements into effective informatics solutions What is INS - CORRECT ANSWER Informatics Nurse Specialists What is the Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine (SNOMED CT) - CORRECT ANSWER The SNOMED CT is a universal healthcare reference terminology and messaging structure, it enables one nursing terminology system to be mapped to another What are the Phenomena of nursing - CORRECT ANSWER Nurse, patient, heath and environment What terms are used to label the role of a nurse in Informatic - CORRECT ANSWER Nurse Informaticist, Informatics Nurse, Informatics Nurse Specialist, Clinical Informatics, Informaticist Computer Literacy - CORRECT ANSWER A set of skills that allow an individual to use computer technology to accomplish a task Information Literacy skills - CORRECT ANSWER Is a set of abilities that allowing individuals to recognize when information is needed and to locate, evaluate, and use that information appropriately. The primary focus of information literacy is on information access and evaluation What are the overall competencies of a beginning informatics nurse? - CORRECT ANSWER 1.Identifying, collecting, and recording data relevant to the nursing care of patient 2. Analyzing and interpreting patient and nursing information as part of the planning for the provision of nursing service 3. Using informatics applications designed for the practice of nursing 4. Implementing public and institutional policies related to privacy, confidentiality, and security of information What are the qualification of an experience Informatics nurse? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Use system application to manage data, information and knowledge within their specialty area 2. Participate as a content expert to evaluate information and assist other in developing information structure and systems to support their of nursing practice 3. Promote the integrity of and access of information to include , but not limited to confidentiality, legal , ethical and security issue 4. Being actively involved in efforts to improve information communication and management 5. Act as a advocate of leader for incorporating innovation and informatics concepts into their area of speialty What are the qualification of an Informatics nurse specialist? - CORRECT ANSWER The informatics nurse specialist have all the competency of the beginning and experience informatics nurse, however, she has moved beyond the computer skills, information literacy skills and overall informatics competencies, the informatics nurse specialist demonstrates the competencies reflected in the standards of practice and professional prformance What is the Code of Ethics for nurses - CORRECT ANSWER This is the framework for the informatics nurse specialist who faces ethical issues and ethical dilemmas These issues involve confidentiality, security and privacy what are the overarching standards of practice for the informatics nurse specialists? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Incorporate theories, principles, and concepts from appropriate sciences into informatics practice 2. Integrate ergonomics and human-computer interaction (HCI) principles into informatics solution design, development selection implementation and evaluation 3.Systematically determines the social, legal and ethical impact of an informatics solution within nursing and health care What is the Informatics nurse specialist standard of practice - CORRECT ANSWER Standard 1; Identify the issue or problem Standard 2; Identify alternatives Standard 3: Chose and develop a solution Standard 4; Implement the solution Standard 5; Evaluate and adjust solutions What are the informatics specialist standards of professional performance - CORRECT ANSWER Standard 1;Quality of nursing informatics practice Standard 2 ; Performance apprasial Standard 3; Education Standard 4 ; Collegiality Standard 5; Ethics Standard 6; collaboration Standard 7; Research Standard 8; Resource utilization Standard 9; Communication ANA(2001) code of ethics for nurses - CORRECT ANSWER The Code of Ethics for Nurses was developed as a guide for carrying out nursing responsibilities in a manner consistent with quality in nursing care and the ethical obligations of the profession. ANA definition of nursing informatics - CORRECT ANSWER the specialty that integrates nursing science with multiple information management and analytical sciences to identify, define, manage, and communicate data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in nursing practice. what is the ultimate goal of HC organizations - CORRECT ANSWER longitudinal EHR two roles of nurses in informatics - CORRECT ANSWER informatics nurse and informatics nurse specialist informatics nurse (IN) - CORRECT ANSWER has experience in nursing informatics but does not have an advanced degree in the specialty informatics nurse specialist (INS) - CORRECT ANSWER has graduate-level education in informatics or a related field uNurses in both roles qualification for certification in informatics - CORRECT ANSWER Baccalaureate degree is minimum requirement for taking exam. -the nurse can obtain the RN-BC certification in informatics nursing. HIPAA - CORRECT ANSWER Standards signed into law that protects the privacy and security of patient data. -Health information privacy law -Data security standards -Electronic transaction standards can patients receive a copy of their EHR in electronic form - CORRECT ANSWER yes how to safeguard patient data on handheld devices - CORRECT ANSWER -Keep careful physical control of the device at all times. -Use data encryption technology to protect data. -Use a password when turning on the PDA and a time-out to reactivate the password. -Disable the infrared ports except during use. -Do not send infrared transmissions in public locations -Keep security software up-to-date. -Research mobile applications (apps) before downloading. -Use adequate security to send and receive health information over public Wi-Fi networks. -Delete all stored health information before discarding or reusing the mobile device j-co's role in informatics - CORRECT ANSWER -Implemented information management (IM) standards in the mid-1990s. >>>Total of 10 standards -Ensures that facilities are meeting high performance standards through certification. electronic health record - CORRECT ANSWER EHR is a part of CIS. -Web-based system -Handheld or wireless system Focuses on total health of the patient. -Goes beyond standard clinical data collected during a single visit to the hospital or physician's office Intended to share information with other providers involved in the patient's care. difference between EHR and EMR - CORRECT ANSWER EMR is system limited where as EHR includes records from all providers/settings EMR (electronic medical record) - CORRECT ANSWER Considered a digital version of the patient's chart comprises data from multiple software applications used by a facility, such as a hospital or provider officer, to order, document, and store patient information, just as a paper medical record did in the past personal health record - CORRECT ANSWER Electronic record of an individual's health information by which the individual controls access to the information -Real-time data (i.e., blood glucose monitoring, pulse, BP) sent directly from device to patient's EMR electronic prescription (e- prescription) - CORRECT ANSWER -Software guarantees that all necessary information is filled out legibly. -Correlates the prescription of the patient with his or her medical history. **Reduces risk for error in hand written scripts barriers to using technology in HC - CORRECT ANSWER -lack of standardization across care areas. -siloed data. -cost and funding. -privacy and security concerns. -Lack of uniform approach (numbers) to match patients to their record. is using the internet beneficial for healthcare - CORRECT ANSWER Health information on the Internet can dramatically improve patients' ability to manage their own health—but users must remember to proceed with caution! point of care documentation - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when nurses document assessment information as they gather it, often using a portable computer reduces data latency and data errors. -includes mobile devices and computer workstations. -Smart carts -Tablet computers -Smartphones mobile clinical assistant - CORRECT ANSWER -incorporates a camera, barcode scanner, and digitizer pen data entry in a fully functional, Windows-based, slate tablet computer. -provides access to EHR (kinda like the rovers at ochsner?) how can a smartphone/ mobile workstation help the nurse - CORRECT ANSWER Can use it to monitor -blood glucose levels -blood pressure -diet -activity Calculate dosages. Analyze lab results. Access reference materials. Check for drug interactions. Schedule procedures. Order prescriptions."Beam" assignments. CARS checklist - CORRECT ANSWER Credibility—authoritative source? Accuracy—correct today? Reasonableness—engages subject thoughtfully, reasonably, truthfully? Support—triangulated sources? CAFE - CORRECT ANSWER advice for dealing with information obtained from the Internet Challenge information and demand accountability. Adapt and require more credibility and evidence for stronger claims—be skeptical of information. File new information in your mind rather than immediately believing or disbelieving. Evaluate and reevaluate regularly—recognize dynamic, fluid nature of information. Nursing Informatics is a specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science, and information science to manage and communicate data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in nursing practiceǁ. - CORRECT ANSWER American Nursing Association Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS) Nursing Informatics science and practice integrates nursing, its information and knowledge and their management, with information and communication technologies to promote the health of people, families and communities worldwide. - CORRECT ANSWER American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) What is EBP? - CORRECT ANSWER Evidence-Based Practice believed that there were too many definitions for NI, which was causing the specialty to grow without a solid foundation. - CORRECT ANSWER Staggers and Thompson (2002) The term individuals refer to what? - CORRECT ANSWER patients, healthcare consumers and any other recipient of nursing care of informatics solutions. Nursing informatics in the Philippines is first implemented in the summer of 2010. In 2008, Nursing Informatics course in the undergraduate curriculum was defined by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) Memorandum Order 5 Series of 2008. This was later revised and included as Health Informatics course in CHED Memorandum Order 14 Series of 2009. - CORRECT ANSWER the science and practice dealing with the effective collection, storage, retrieval, and use of information the study of information systems, the application and usage of knowledge focuses on why and how technology can be put to best use to serve the information flow within the organization. - CORRECT ANSWER Information science She proposed that one could gain knowledge and skills ("knowing how") without ever learning the theory ("knowing that"). introduced the concept that expert nurses develop skills and understanding of patient care over time through a sound educational base as well as a multitude of experiences. - CORRECT ANSWER Dr Patricia Benner construct theory first proposed by Hubert and Stuart Dreyfus (1980) as the Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition, and later applied and modified to nursing by Patricia Benner (1984) provides a very useful and important theory that clearly applies to nursing informatics. - CORRECT ANSWER The Novice to Expert Theory Benner described 5 levels of nursing experience as: - CORRECT ANSWER Novice, Advanced beginner, Competent, Proficient, Expert Beginner with no experience ● Taught general rules to help perform tasks ● Rules are: context-free, independent of specific cases, and applied universally ● Rule-governed behavior is limited and inflexible ● "Tell me what I need to do and I'll do it." - CORRECT ANSWER Novice Demonstrates acceptable performance ● Has gained prior experience in actual situations to recognize recurring meaningful components ● Principles, based on experiences, begin to be formulated to guide actions - CORRECT ANSWER Advanced Beginner Typically a nurse with 2-3 years experience on the job in the same area or in similar day-to-day situations ● More aware of long-term goals ● Gains perspective from planning own actions based on conscious, abstract, and analytical thinking and helps to achieve greater efficiency and organization - CORRECT ANSWER Competent Perceives and understands situations as whole parts ● More holistic understanding improves decision-making ● Learns from experiences what to expect in certain situations and how to modify plans - CORRECT ANSWER Proficient ● No longer relies on principles, rules, or guidelines to connect situations and determine actions ● Much more background of experience ● Has intuitive grasp of clinical situations ● Performance is now fluid, flexible, and highly-proficient - CORRECT ANSWER Expert A novice follows rules provided for each situation and is not flexible in real-life situations. As a novice acquires real-life experiences and can appreciate environmental influences on rule sets, he or she moves to the advanced beginner stage. At the competent stage, a learner is able to tell what is important and what is not important in assessing a given situation—a learner has gained perspective. A proficient practitioner is able to see a situation in terms of the larger setting or environmental situation and begins to use intuition in decision-making. Finally, an expert intuitively understands a situation and immediately connects action to this understanding (Ajay, 2003). - CORRECT ANSWER Patricia Benner and other nurse educators adapted this model to explain how nursing students and professional nurses acquired nursing skills. DIKW Paradigm stands for? - CORRECT ANSWER data, information, knowledge, and wisdom Nursing informatics centers on these concepts discrete entities that are prescribed objectively without interpretation; raw facts e.g. patient's vital signs - CORRECT ANSWER data data that are interpreted, organized, or structured e.g. a serial set of vital signs, placed into a context and used for longitudinal comparisons; processed data that have meaning - CORRECT ANSWER Information information that is synthesized to identify and formalize relationships e.g. recognition of a pattern and identification of interventions - CORRECT ANSWER Knowledge application of knowledge to the management and solution of human problems e.g. accuracy of the synthesis of information and appropriate selection of interventions - CORRECT ANSWER Wisdom refers to the physical parts of the computer. It allows the user to enter data into the computer, performs the actions of the computer's processing, and produces the computer output. - CORRECT ANSWER Computer Hardware The CPU is in the box that comprises the computer hardware necessary to process and storedata. The power supply, disk drives, chips, and connections for all other computer hardware (also known as peripherals) are also located with the CPU. The performance of the CPU or the determinant of how fast the CPU's performance is known by three components: - CORRECT ANSWER Computer hardware Systems instructions being given to the hardware to perform certain tasks. They are classified based on availability and shareability as to free and open-source software and propriety or closed software. - CORRECT ANSWER Software allows users and programmers to edit, modify or reuse the software's source code. This gives developers the opportunity to improve program functionality by modifying it. - CORRECT ANSWER Free and open-source software (FOSS) helps the user, hardware , and application software to interact and function together. These types of computer software allow an environment or platform for other software and applications to work in. This is why system software is essential in managing the whole computer system. - CORRECT ANSWER System Software what users regularly engage with the most of the time. These types of computer software are productive end-user programs that help you perform tasks. It can range from word processing to image editing, voice communication or conferences, internet browsers, and many others - CORRECT ANSWER Application Software the process of scientifically and statistically evaluating data in order to determine whether they meet the quality required for projects or business processes and are of the right type and quantity to be able to actually support their intended use. It can be considered a set of guidelines and techniques that are used to describe data, given an application context, and to apply processes to assess and improve the quality of data. - CORRECT ANSWER Data quality assessment (DQA) Information services, often accessible via a mobile device, that search, sort, mine, correlate or otherwise filter information for a person based on their preferences, transaction logs, location, social networks and other personal data. - CORRECT ANSWER Personal Informatics Health informatics professionals use their knowledge of healthcare, information systems, databases and information technology security to gather, store, interpret and manage the massive amount of data generated when care is provided to patients. ... Developing data-driven solutions to improve patient health. - CORRECT ANSWER Professional Informatics emerging sub-discipline of education and informatics that "incorporate[s] new technologies and learning strategies to enhance the capture, organization, and utilization of information within the field of education." - CORRECT ANSWER Educational Informatics most sensitive and important because once this is bugged down, the monitoring of patients is affected - CORRECT ANSWER Sensors wired version (if high tech, it can be wireless) - CORRECT ANSWER Signal conditioners what information is needed or expecting to be displayed - CORRECT ANSWER File to rank and order information hemodynamic monitors have the ability to generate reports needed by physicians or advanced nurse practitioners to help them in the decision process to take care of patients. - CORRECT ANSWER Computer processor to analyze data and direct reports - alerts and alarms can be adjusted by nurses. This can be adjusted based on the clinical capability of nurses. - CORRECT ANSWER Evaluation or controlling component to regulate the equipment or alert the nurse - Physiologic signals are typically of very small amplitude and must be amplified, conditioned and digitized by the device in preparation for processing by its embedded microprocessors. It analyzes information, stores pertinent information in specific places, and controls the direction in reporting. It also alerts nursing personnel through a report, an alarm or a visual notice. - CORRECT ANSWER Microprocessors used in critical care settings such as critical care units and intensive care units. - CORRECT ANSWER Hemodynamic Monitors needing to insert a catheter to a patient. At the bottom of the catheter, there would be a probe which is responsible for accurate measurement of cardiac pump output and volume status. - CORRECT ANSWER INVASIVE most commonly used where you just catch probes to a body part of the patient. It also allows you to monitor vital signs. a. Determine how well the patient is doing - CORRECT ANSWER NON-INVASIVE The bolus must be injected within 4 seconds Amount of solution must be accurate Temperature of the injective must be measured and accurately maintained Catheter must be properly placed Computer must have the appropriate computation constant Bolus must be injected at the appropriate time in the respiratory cycle. - CORRECT ANSWER Thermodilution Technique critical piece of hemodynamic information involves the availability of oxygen to bodily tissues. The standard for measurement of blood's oxygen saturation is co-oximetry Pulse oximetry is a noninvasive method of measuring oxygen saturation that also uses spectrophotometry. Light is emitted through a pulsatile arteriolar bed and then detected by photosensor. - CORRECT ANSWER Pulse Oximetry Hemodynamic monitoring can take place at the bedside of can be conducted