TEST BANK
Sonography Principles and Instruments
Frederick W. Kremkau
9th Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Introduction 1
Chapter 02 Ultrasound 6
Chapter 03 Transducers 31
Chapter 04 Instruments 50
Chapter 05 Doppler Principles 71
Chapter 06 Artifacts 89
Chapter 07 Performance and Safety 109
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Sonography Principles and Instruments, 9th Edition (Kremkau, 2016)
Chapter 01: Introduction
Kremkau: Sonography Principles and Instruments, 9th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Diagnostic ultrasound transducers generate a of sound into the body.
a. wave
b. pulse
c. frequency
d. Doppler
ANS: B
Diagnostic ultrasound transducers generate the ultrasound pulses and receive the returning
pulses.
REF: p. 2 OBJ: Explain the fundamental principle used in sonographic imaging.
TOP: Pulse wave
2. The brightness of the dot corresponds to the of the returning echo.
a. location
b. speed
c. strength
d. angle
ANS: C
The brightness of the dot corresponds to the echo strength, producing what then is known as a
gray-scale image.
REF: pp. 2-5 OBJ: Explain the fundamental principle used in sonographic imaging.
TOP: Pulse wave
3. A rectangular image display is seen when using a transducer.
a. sector
b. vector
c. convex
d. linear
ANS: D
Pulses (scan lines) travel from different points parallel with each other, displaying a
rectangular image.
REF: p. 5 OBJ: Describe the image formats used in sonography.
TOP: Pulse wave
4. The location of each dot corresponds to the of the echo to return.
a. strength
b. time
c. pulse
d. frequency
ANS: B
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Test Bank - Sonography Principles and Instruments, 9th Edition (Kremkau, 2016)
The location of each dot corresponds to the anatomic location of the echo-generating
structure.
REF: p. 5 OBJ: Explain the fundamental principle used in sonographic imaging.
TOP: Pulse wave
5. The method by which each pulse originates from the same starting point is called a
image.
a. sector
b. linear
c. convex
d. none of the above
ANS: A
A sector image results when each pulse originates from the same starting point and
subsequent pulses going out in different directions.
REF: p. 5 OBJ: Describe the image formats used in sonography.
TOP: Pulse wave
6. Sonographic images are composed of many .
a. crystals
b. scan lines
c. focal points
d. frequency shifts
ANS: B
Sonographic images are composed of many scan lines (pulses).
REF: p. 7 OBJ: Explain the fundamental principle used in sonographic imaging.
TOP: Pulse wave
7. Echoes produced by objects have different than the pulses sent into the
body.
a. stationary; frequencies
b. stable; directions
c. moving; frequencies
d. moving; echoes
ANS: C
Echoes produced by moving objects have different frequencies than the pulses sent into the
body.
REF: p. 7 OBJ: Explain how the Doppler effect is applied to sonography.
TOP: Doppler ultrasound
8. Doppler ultrasound measures the movement of .
a. tissue
b. blood
c. A and B
d. none of the above
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Test Bank - Sonography Principles and Instruments, 9th Edition (Kremkau, 2016)
ANS: C
Doppler ultrasound is used in detecting and measuring tissue motion and blood flow.
REF: p. 7 OBJ: Explain how the Doppler effect is applied to sonography.
TOP: Doppler ultrasound
9. Quantitative data are determined by which Doppler display?
a. Color imaging.
b. Power imaging.
c. B-mode (gray-scale, or brightness) imaging.
d. Spectral imaging.
ANS: D
Doppler information is applied to loudspeakers for audible evaluation and to the spectral
display for quantitative analysis.
REF: p. 8 OBJ: List the ways in which Doppler information is presented.
TOP: Doppler ultrasound
10. The Doppler effect is a change in echo .
a. frequency
b. strength
c. amplitude
d. direction
ANS: A
The Doppler effect is a change in frequency caused by moving objects.
REF: p. 7 OBJ: Explain how the Doppler effect is applied to sonography.
TOP: Doppler ultrasound
11. Vertical parallel scan lines are seen with which transducer format?
a. vector.
b. convex.
c. linear.
d. curvilinear.
ANS: C
A linear transducer generates vertical parallel scan lines.
REF: p. 5 OBJ: Describe the image formats used in sonography.
TOP: Pulse wave
12. A gray-scale ultrasound image is the visible counterpart of a/an .
a. frequency shift
b. spectral display
c. invisible object
d. electronic wave
ANS: C
An ultrasound image is the visible counterpart of an invisible object, produced in an electronic
instrument by the interaction of ultrasound with the object.
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3|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Sonography Principles and Instruments, 9th Edition (Kremkau, 2016)
REF: pp. 1-2 OBJ: Explain the fundamental principle used in sonographic imaging.
TOP: Pulse wave
13. A scan is shaped like a slice of pie.
a. sector
b. convex
c. linear
d. curvilinear
ANS: A
A sector image is shaped like a slice of pie.
REF: p. 5 OBJ: Describe the image formats used in sonography.
TOP: Pulse wave
14. Sonography is medical anatomic imaging using a technique.
a. starting point
b. pulse echo
c. vertical parallel
d. transducer instrument
ANS: B
Anatomic imaging with ultrasound is accomplished by the pulse-echo principle.
REF: p. 2 OBJ: Explain the fundamental principle used in sonographic imaging.
TOP: Pulse wave
15. Three-dimensional imaging requires many adjacent tissue to build the image.
a. moving objects
b. frequency shifts
c. cross-sections
d. ultrasound pulses
ANS: C
Three-dimensional, or volume, imaging requires scanning the ultrasound through many
adjacent two-dimensional tissue-cross-sections to build up a three-dimensional volume of
echo information.
REF: p. 7 OBJ: Describe the image formats used in sonography.
TOP: Pulse wave
TRUE/FALSE
1. One pulse of ultrasound generates a single scan line as it travels through tissue.
ANS: T
One line of echo information (pulse) is equal to one scan line.
REF: p. 5 OBJ: Explain the fundamental principle used in sonographic imaging.
TOP: Pulse wave
2. Pulsed ultrasound transducers can generate only ultrasound pulses.
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4|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Sonography Principles and Instruments, 9th Edition (Kremkau, 2016)
ANS: F
The transducer generates the ultrasound pulses and receives the returning echoes.
REF: p. 2 OBJ: Explain the fundamental principle used in sonographic imaging.
TOP: Pulse wave
3. The Doppler effect is caused by a difference in the depth of two moving objects.
ANS: F
The Doppler effect is a change in frequency caused by moving objects.
REF: p. 7 OBJ: Explain how the Doppler effect is applied to sonography.
TOP: Doppler ultrasound
4. Animals have applied ultrasound to detect and capture prey.
ANS: T
Bats, dolphins, and other animals use ultrasound to detect, locate, determine motion of, and
capture prey; to avoid obstacles; to detect and avoid predators; and to court mates.
REF: p. 1 OBJ: Explain the fundamental principle used in sonographic imaging.
TOP: General ultrasound physics
5. Color Doppler imaging is superimposed on a gray-scale image.
ANS: T
Rapid scanning and processing of the Doppler data enable color-coded presentation of
Doppler information to be superimposed on a gray-scale anatomic image.
REF: pp. 7-8 OBJ: Explain how the Doppler effect is applied to sonography.
TOP: Doppler ultrasound
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5|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Sonography Principles and Instruments, 9th Edition (Kremkau, 2016)
Chapter 02: Ultrasound
Kremkau: Sonography Principles and Instruments, 9th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. is the amount of complete cycles per second.
a. Wavelength
b. Period
c. Frequency
d. Propagation speed
ANS: C
Frequency is defined as the number of complete cycles per second.
REF: p. 15 OBJ: Explain what frequency is and why it is important in sonography.
TOP: Basic ultrasound physics
2. Sound requires a through which to travel.
a. medium
b. pressure
c. vacuum
d. wave
ANS: A
Sound travels (propagates) through a medium.
REF: p. 14 OBJ: Define ultrasound and descr ibe how it behaves.
TOP: Basic ultrasound physics
3. The following are all ultrasound frequencies except:
a. 30,000 Hz
b. 250 kHz
c. 15 kHz
d. 0.3 MHz
ANS: C
Ultrasound frequencies range above 20,000 Hz (20 kHz).
REF: p. 16 OBJ: Define ultrasound and describe how it behaves.
TOP: Basic ultrasound physics
4. If frequency increases, each cycle (period) .
a. increases
b. decreases
c. remains unchanged
d. doubles
ANS: B
As more cycles are packed into one second (frequency), there is less time for each cycle
(period).
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,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Sonography Principles and Instruments, 9th Edition (Kremkau, 2016)
REF: p. 16 OBJ: Define ultrasound and describe how it behaves.
TOP: Basic ultrasound physics
5. Wavelength is the over which one cycle occurs.
a. time
b. length
c. area
d. power
ANS: B
Wavelength is the length of space that one cycle takes up.
REF: p. 17 OBJ: Define ultrasound and describe how it behaves.
TOP: Basic ultrasound physics
6. Propagation speed is the speed at which a wave _ through a medium.
a. cycles
b. refracts
c. travels
d. reflects
ANS: C
Propagation speed is the speed at which a wave moves (travels) through a medium.
REF: p. 17 OBJ: Define ultrasound and describe how it behaves.
TOP: Basic ultrasound physics
7. Stiffer media have sound speeds.
a. lower
b. higher
c. stiffness does not change the propagation speed
d. sound cannot propagate through stiffer media
ANS: B
Stiffer media have higher sound speeds.
REF: p. 17 OBJ: Define ultrasound and describe how it behaves.
TOP: Basic ultrasound physics
8. Frequency wavelength.
a. is directly proportional to
b. is inversely proportional to
c. is equal to
d. has no bearing on
ANS: B
Frequency is inversely proportional to the wavelength. If frequency increases, wavelength
decreases.
REF: p. 17 OBJ: Define ultrasound and describe how it behaves.
TOP: Basic ultrasound physics
9. Propagation speed is primarily determined by the of the medium.
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, ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Sonography Principles and Instruments, 9th Edition (Kremkau, 2016)
a. density
b. thickness
c. stiffness
d. content
ANS: C
Propagation speed is determined by the medium, primarily its stiffness.
REF: p. 17 OBJ: Define ultrasound and describe how it behaves.
TOP: Basic ultrasound physics
10. Ultrasound pulses contain a range of frequencies called the .
a. fundamental frequencies
b. duty factor
c. pulse repetition frequencies
d. bandwidth
ANS: D
Ultrasound pulses contain a range of frequencies called the bandwidth.
REF: p. 22 OBJ: Compare continuous and pulsed ultrasound.
TOP: Pulse wave
11. Pulsed ultrasound consists of separated by of time.
a. frequencies; cycles
b. pulses; cycles
c. pulses; gaps
d. cycles; pulses
ANS: C
Pulsed ultrasound consists of pulses separated by gaps of time.
REF: p. 19 OBJ: Compare continuous and pulsed ultrasound.
TOP: Pulse wave
12. Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) refers to the of pulses occurring in one second.
a. speed
b. number
c. type
d. cycle
ANS: B
PRF is defined as the number of pulses occurring in one second.
REF: p. 19 OBJ: Compare continuous and pulsed ultrasound.
TOP: Pulse wave
13. All of the following are acoustic variables except :
a. pressure
b. density
c. compression
d. particle vibration
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8|Page
Sonography Principles and Instruments
Frederick W. Kremkau
9th Edition
,Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Introduction 1
Chapter 02 Ultrasound 6
Chapter 03 Transducers 31
Chapter 04 Instruments 50
Chapter 05 Doppler Principles 71
Chapter 06 Artifacts 89
Chapter 07 Performance and Safety 109
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Sonography Principles and Instruments, 9th Edition (Kremkau, 2016)
Chapter 01: Introduction
Kremkau: Sonography Principles and Instruments, 9th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Diagnostic ultrasound transducers generate a of sound into the body.
a. wave
b. pulse
c. frequency
d. Doppler
ANS: B
Diagnostic ultrasound transducers generate the ultrasound pulses and receive the returning
pulses.
REF: p. 2 OBJ: Explain the fundamental principle used in sonographic imaging.
TOP: Pulse wave
2. The brightness of the dot corresponds to the of the returning echo.
a. location
b. speed
c. strength
d. angle
ANS: C
The brightness of the dot corresponds to the echo strength, producing what then is known as a
gray-scale image.
REF: pp. 2-5 OBJ: Explain the fundamental principle used in sonographic imaging.
TOP: Pulse wave
3. A rectangular image display is seen when using a transducer.
a. sector
b. vector
c. convex
d. linear
ANS: D
Pulses (scan lines) travel from different points parallel with each other, displaying a
rectangular image.
REF: p. 5 OBJ: Describe the image formats used in sonography.
TOP: Pulse wave
4. The location of each dot corresponds to the of the echo to return.
a. strength
b. time
c. pulse
d. frequency
ANS: B
______________________________________________________________________________________________
1|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Sonography Principles and Instruments, 9th Edition (Kremkau, 2016)
The location of each dot corresponds to the anatomic location of the echo-generating
structure.
REF: p. 5 OBJ: Explain the fundamental principle used in sonographic imaging.
TOP: Pulse wave
5. The method by which each pulse originates from the same starting point is called a
image.
a. sector
b. linear
c. convex
d. none of the above
ANS: A
A sector image results when each pulse originates from the same starting point and
subsequent pulses going out in different directions.
REF: p. 5 OBJ: Describe the image formats used in sonography.
TOP: Pulse wave
6. Sonographic images are composed of many .
a. crystals
b. scan lines
c. focal points
d. frequency shifts
ANS: B
Sonographic images are composed of many scan lines (pulses).
REF: p. 7 OBJ: Explain the fundamental principle used in sonographic imaging.
TOP: Pulse wave
7. Echoes produced by objects have different than the pulses sent into the
body.
a. stationary; frequencies
b. stable; directions
c. moving; frequencies
d. moving; echoes
ANS: C
Echoes produced by moving objects have different frequencies than the pulses sent into the
body.
REF: p. 7 OBJ: Explain how the Doppler effect is applied to sonography.
TOP: Doppler ultrasound
8. Doppler ultrasound measures the movement of .
a. tissue
b. blood
c. A and B
d. none of the above
______________________________________________________________________________________________
2|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Sonography Principles and Instruments, 9th Edition (Kremkau, 2016)
ANS: C
Doppler ultrasound is used in detecting and measuring tissue motion and blood flow.
REF: p. 7 OBJ: Explain how the Doppler effect is applied to sonography.
TOP: Doppler ultrasound
9. Quantitative data are determined by which Doppler display?
a. Color imaging.
b. Power imaging.
c. B-mode (gray-scale, or brightness) imaging.
d. Spectral imaging.
ANS: D
Doppler information is applied to loudspeakers for audible evaluation and to the spectral
display for quantitative analysis.
REF: p. 8 OBJ: List the ways in which Doppler information is presented.
TOP: Doppler ultrasound
10. The Doppler effect is a change in echo .
a. frequency
b. strength
c. amplitude
d. direction
ANS: A
The Doppler effect is a change in frequency caused by moving objects.
REF: p. 7 OBJ: Explain how the Doppler effect is applied to sonography.
TOP: Doppler ultrasound
11. Vertical parallel scan lines are seen with which transducer format?
a. vector.
b. convex.
c. linear.
d. curvilinear.
ANS: C
A linear transducer generates vertical parallel scan lines.
REF: p. 5 OBJ: Describe the image formats used in sonography.
TOP: Pulse wave
12. A gray-scale ultrasound image is the visible counterpart of a/an .
a. frequency shift
b. spectral display
c. invisible object
d. electronic wave
ANS: C
An ultrasound image is the visible counterpart of an invisible object, produced in an electronic
instrument by the interaction of ultrasound with the object.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
3|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Sonography Principles and Instruments, 9th Edition (Kremkau, 2016)
REF: pp. 1-2 OBJ: Explain the fundamental principle used in sonographic imaging.
TOP: Pulse wave
13. A scan is shaped like a slice of pie.
a. sector
b. convex
c. linear
d. curvilinear
ANS: A
A sector image is shaped like a slice of pie.
REF: p. 5 OBJ: Describe the image formats used in sonography.
TOP: Pulse wave
14. Sonography is medical anatomic imaging using a technique.
a. starting point
b. pulse echo
c. vertical parallel
d. transducer instrument
ANS: B
Anatomic imaging with ultrasound is accomplished by the pulse-echo principle.
REF: p. 2 OBJ: Explain the fundamental principle used in sonographic imaging.
TOP: Pulse wave
15. Three-dimensional imaging requires many adjacent tissue to build the image.
a. moving objects
b. frequency shifts
c. cross-sections
d. ultrasound pulses
ANS: C
Three-dimensional, or volume, imaging requires scanning the ultrasound through many
adjacent two-dimensional tissue-cross-sections to build up a three-dimensional volume of
echo information.
REF: p. 7 OBJ: Describe the image formats used in sonography.
TOP: Pulse wave
TRUE/FALSE
1. One pulse of ultrasound generates a single scan line as it travels through tissue.
ANS: T
One line of echo information (pulse) is equal to one scan line.
REF: p. 5 OBJ: Explain the fundamental principle used in sonographic imaging.
TOP: Pulse wave
2. Pulsed ultrasound transducers can generate only ultrasound pulses.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
4|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Sonography Principles and Instruments, 9th Edition (Kremkau, 2016)
ANS: F
The transducer generates the ultrasound pulses and receives the returning echoes.
REF: p. 2 OBJ: Explain the fundamental principle used in sonographic imaging.
TOP: Pulse wave
3. The Doppler effect is caused by a difference in the depth of two moving objects.
ANS: F
The Doppler effect is a change in frequency caused by moving objects.
REF: p. 7 OBJ: Explain how the Doppler effect is applied to sonography.
TOP: Doppler ultrasound
4. Animals have applied ultrasound to detect and capture prey.
ANS: T
Bats, dolphins, and other animals use ultrasound to detect, locate, determine motion of, and
capture prey; to avoid obstacles; to detect and avoid predators; and to court mates.
REF: p. 1 OBJ: Explain the fundamental principle used in sonographic imaging.
TOP: General ultrasound physics
5. Color Doppler imaging is superimposed on a gray-scale image.
ANS: T
Rapid scanning and processing of the Doppler data enable color-coded presentation of
Doppler information to be superimposed on a gray-scale anatomic image.
REF: pp. 7-8 OBJ: Explain how the Doppler effect is applied to sonography.
TOP: Doppler ultrasound
______________________________________________________________________________________________
5|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Sonography Principles and Instruments, 9th Edition (Kremkau, 2016)
Chapter 02: Ultrasound
Kremkau: Sonography Principles and Instruments, 9th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. is the amount of complete cycles per second.
a. Wavelength
b. Period
c. Frequency
d. Propagation speed
ANS: C
Frequency is defined as the number of complete cycles per second.
REF: p. 15 OBJ: Explain what frequency is and why it is important in sonography.
TOP: Basic ultrasound physics
2. Sound requires a through which to travel.
a. medium
b. pressure
c. vacuum
d. wave
ANS: A
Sound travels (propagates) through a medium.
REF: p. 14 OBJ: Define ultrasound and descr ibe how it behaves.
TOP: Basic ultrasound physics
3. The following are all ultrasound frequencies except:
a. 30,000 Hz
b. 250 kHz
c. 15 kHz
d. 0.3 MHz
ANS: C
Ultrasound frequencies range above 20,000 Hz (20 kHz).
REF: p. 16 OBJ: Define ultrasound and describe how it behaves.
TOP: Basic ultrasound physics
4. If frequency increases, each cycle (period) .
a. increases
b. decreases
c. remains unchanged
d. doubles
ANS: B
As more cycles are packed into one second (frequency), there is less time for each cycle
(period).
______________________________________________________________________________________________
6|Page
,______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Sonography Principles and Instruments, 9th Edition (Kremkau, 2016)
REF: p. 16 OBJ: Define ultrasound and describe how it behaves.
TOP: Basic ultrasound physics
5. Wavelength is the over which one cycle occurs.
a. time
b. length
c. area
d. power
ANS: B
Wavelength is the length of space that one cycle takes up.
REF: p. 17 OBJ: Define ultrasound and describe how it behaves.
TOP: Basic ultrasound physics
6. Propagation speed is the speed at which a wave _ through a medium.
a. cycles
b. refracts
c. travels
d. reflects
ANS: C
Propagation speed is the speed at which a wave moves (travels) through a medium.
REF: p. 17 OBJ: Define ultrasound and describe how it behaves.
TOP: Basic ultrasound physics
7. Stiffer media have sound speeds.
a. lower
b. higher
c. stiffness does not change the propagation speed
d. sound cannot propagate through stiffer media
ANS: B
Stiffer media have higher sound speeds.
REF: p. 17 OBJ: Define ultrasound and describe how it behaves.
TOP: Basic ultrasound physics
8. Frequency wavelength.
a. is directly proportional to
b. is inversely proportional to
c. is equal to
d. has no bearing on
ANS: B
Frequency is inversely proportional to the wavelength. If frequency increases, wavelength
decreases.
REF: p. 17 OBJ: Define ultrasound and describe how it behaves.
TOP: Basic ultrasound physics
9. Propagation speed is primarily determined by the of the medium.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
7|Page
, ______________________________________________________________________________________________
Test Bank - Sonography Principles and Instruments, 9th Edition (Kremkau, 2016)
a. density
b. thickness
c. stiffness
d. content
ANS: C
Propagation speed is determined by the medium, primarily its stiffness.
REF: p. 17 OBJ: Define ultrasound and describe how it behaves.
TOP: Basic ultrasound physics
10. Ultrasound pulses contain a range of frequencies called the .
a. fundamental frequencies
b. duty factor
c. pulse repetition frequencies
d. bandwidth
ANS: D
Ultrasound pulses contain a range of frequencies called the bandwidth.
REF: p. 22 OBJ: Compare continuous and pulsed ultrasound.
TOP: Pulse wave
11. Pulsed ultrasound consists of separated by of time.
a. frequencies; cycles
b. pulses; cycles
c. pulses; gaps
d. cycles; pulses
ANS: C
Pulsed ultrasound consists of pulses separated by gaps of time.
REF: p. 19 OBJ: Compare continuous and pulsed ultrasound.
TOP: Pulse wave
12. Pulse repetition frequency (PRF) refers to the of pulses occurring in one second.
a. speed
b. number
c. type
d. cycle
ANS: B
PRF is defined as the number of pulses occurring in one second.
REF: p. 19 OBJ: Compare continuous and pulsed ultrasound.
TOP: Pulse wave
13. All of the following are acoustic variables except :
a. pressure
b. density
c. compression
d. particle vibration
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8|Page
