APHG REQUIRED Cumulative Set Exam 753 Questions with Verified Answers,100% CORRECT

APHG REQUIRED Cumulative Set Exam 753 Questions with Verified Answers cartography - CORRECT ANSWER the science of mapmaking purposes of maps - CORRECT ANSWER 1. As a reference tool, to find the shortest route between two distances 2. As a communications tool, to depict the distribution of human activities or physical features as well as to think about the reasons underlying a distribution Eratosthenes - CORRECT ANSWER (276?-194?, B.C.) the first person of record to use the word geography; he prepared one of the earliest maps of the known world Ptolemy - CORRECT ANSWER (100?-170? A.D.) produced maps that were not improved upon for more than 1,000 years, based on information collected by merchants and soldiers who traveled through the Roman Empire location - CORRECT ANSWER the geographical situation of people and things space - CORRECT ANSWER how something is laid out, physical room on the Earth's surface place - CORRECT ANSWER uniqueness of a location scale of analysis - CORRECT ANSWER emotional connection a person has to a specific place globalization - CORRECT ANSWER the expansion of economic, political, and cultural activities to the point they reach and have impact on many areas of the world Muhammad al Idrisi - CORRECT ANSWER (?), a Muslim geographer, prepared a world map and geography text in 1154 Martin Waldseemuller - CORRECT ANSWER (1470?-1520) produced the first map with the label "America"; he wrote on the map (translated from Latin) "from Amerigo the discoverer... as if it were the land of Americus, thus 'America.'" Abraham Ortelius - CORRECT ANSWER () a Flemish cartographer who created the first modern atlas Bernhardus Varenius - CORRECT ANSWER () produced Geographia Generalis, which stood for more than a century as the standard treatise (a book that explains the essential information regarding a topic) on systematic geography A cartographer's first decision is __________________________________. - CORRECT ANSWER how much of the Earth's surface to depict on the map map scale - CORRECT ANSWER the level of detail and the amount of area covered on a map depend on this, which is the relationship of a feature's size on a map to its actual size on Earth three depictions of map scale - CORRECT ANSWER 1. ratio or fraction: shows the numerical ratio between distances on the map and Earth's surface; the 1 on the left side of the ratio always refers to a unit of distance on the map, and the number on the right always refers to the same unit of distance on Earth's surface 2. written scale: describes the distance between map and Earth distances in words. EX: "1 inch equals 1 mile"; again, the first number always refers to map distance and the second to distance on the Earth's surface 3. graphic scale: usually consists of a bar line marked to show distance on Earth's surface; it looks like a ruler four types of distortion - CORRECT ANSWER 1. The SHAPE of an area can be distorted, so that it appears more elongated or squat than in reality 2. The DISTANCE between two points may become increased or decreased. 3. The RELATIVE SIZE of different areas may be altered, so that one area may appear larger than another on a map but is in reality smaller. 4. The DIRECTION from one place to another can be distorted. equal projection areas - CORRECT ANSWER In this type of projection, the relative size of the landmasses on the map are the same as in reality. This type of projection minimizes distortion in the shapes of most landmasses. Areas toward the North and South poles are most distorted, but they are sparsely populated, so accuracy is not as important interruption - CORRECT ANSWER when the Eastern and Western hemispheres are separated into two pieces to preserve accuracy in a projection The Robinson projection - CORRECT ANSWER is useful for displaying information across the oceans. Its major disadvantage is that by allocating space to the oceans, the land areas are much smaller than on interrupted maps of the same size. The Mercator projection - CORRECT ANSWER ...has several advantages: Shape is distorted very little, direction is consistent, and the map is rectangular. Its greatest disadvantage is that relative size is grossly distorted toward the poles, making high-latitude places look much larger than they actually are. meridian - CORRECT ANSWER an arc drawn between the North and South poles. The location of each of these is identified on Earth's surface according to a numbering system known as longitude. prime meridian - CORRECT ANSWER the meridian that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England, is 0 degrees longitude; it is opposite from the meridian that is 180 degrees longitude parallel - CORRECT ANSWER A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians. The numbering system to indicate the location of a parallel is called latitude. latitude - CORRECT ANSWER the numbering system indicate the location of a parallel longitude - CORRECT ANSWER ...is a human creation that that divides the Earth via vertical lines. Any meridian could have been selected as 0 degrees _______________ because all meridians have the same length and all run between poles. The 0 degree _____________________ runs through Greenwich because England was the world's most powerful country when _________ was first accurately measured and the international agreement was made. ____________ is measured in 360 degrees of longitude. The Longitude Act - CORRECT ANSWER 1714 act in which the British Parliament enacted the Longitude Act; it offered a prize equivalent to several million in today's dollars to the person who could first measure longitude accurately. John Harrison won the prize by inventing the first portable clock that could keep accurate time on a ship because it did not have a pendulum. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) or Universal Time (UT) - CORRECT ANSWER the time at the prime meridian (0 degrees longitude), is the master reference time for all points on Earth International Date Line - CORRECT ANSWER An arc that for the most part follows 180 degree longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross it heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day. Exceptions to the International Date Line - CORRECT ANSWER - several islands in the Pacific Ocean belonging to the countries of Kirbati and Samoa - New Zealand's Tokelau territory -MOVED SEVERAL THOUSAND KILOMETERS TO THE EAST - geographic information science (GIScience) - CORRECT ANSWER a computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data; can be used to produce maps that are more accurate and attractive than those drawn by hand remote sensing - CORRECT ANSWER the acquisition of data about Earth's surface from a satellite orbiting Earth or from other long-distance methods Global Positioning System (GPS) - CORRECT ANSWER the system that accurately determines the precise position of something on Earth three elements of GPS in the United States - CORRECT ANSWER - satellites placed in predetermined orbits by the U.S. military (24 in operation and 3 in reserve) - tracking stations to monitor and control the satellites - a receiver that can locate at least 4 satellites, figure out the distance to each, and use this information to pinpoint its own location application programming interface (API) - CORRECT ANSWER the language that links a database such as an address list with software such as mapping; API for mapping software enables a computer programmer to create a mashup that places data on a map abiotic system - CORRECT ANSWER composed of nonliving or inorganic matter atmosphere - CORRECT ANSWER a thin layer of gases surrounding Earth hydrosphere - CORRECT ANSWER all of the water on and near Earth's surface lithosphere - CORRECT ANSWER Earth's crust and a portion of upper mantle directly below the crust biosphere - CORRECT ANSWER all living organisms on Earth, including plants and animals, as well as microorganisms Koppen system - CORRECT ANSWER a climate classification system that divides the world into five climate regions that are identified by the letters A through E A. Tropical Climates B. Dry Climates C. Warm Mid-Latitude Climates D. Cold Mid-Latitude Climates E. Polar Climates monsoon - CORRECT ANSWER a seasonal prevailing wind in the region of South and Southeast Asia, blowing from the southwest between May and September and bringing rain (the wet _________ ), or from the northeast between October and April (the dry _____________). ecosystem - CORRECT ANSWER a group of living organisms and the abiotic spheres with which they interact ecology - CORRECT ANSWER the scientific study of ecosystems erosion - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when the soil washes away in the rain or blows away in the wind depletion of nutrients - CORRECT ANSWER this occurs when plants withdraw more nutrients than natural processes can replace cultural ecology - CORRECT ANSWER the geographic study of human-environment relationships Alexander von Humboldt and Carl Ritter - CORRECT ANSWER Lived in the late 1700s to the mid 1800s and developed the idea of environmental determinism Friedrich Ratzel (teacher) and Ellen Churchill Semple (student) - CORRECT ANSWER Lived from mid 1800s to early 1900s; claimed that geography was the study of the influences of the natural environment on people Ellsworth Huntington - CORRECT ANSWER () argued that climate was a major determinant of civilization polder - CORRECT ANSWER a piece of land that is created by draining water from an area dike - CORRECT ANSWER a wall that holds back the sea scale - CORRECT ANSWER the relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole transnational corporation - CORRECT ANSWER conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters and principal shareholders are located distribution - CORRECT ANSWER the arrangement of a feature in space density - CORRECT ANSWER the frequency with which something occurs in space concentration - CORRECT ANSWER the extent of a feature's spread over its space pattern - CORRECT ANSWER the geometric arrangement of objects in space behavioral geography - CORRECT ANSWER a branch of human geography that emphasizes the importance of understanding the psychological basis for individual human actions humanistic geography - CORRECT ANSWER a branch of human geography that emphasizes the different ways that individuals perceive their surrounding environment poststructuralist geography - CORRECT ANSWER emphasizes the need to understand multiple perspectives regarding space; AKA: different people from different socio-economic, racial, and gender perspectives will have different geographic experiences and may create different geographic patterns diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time expansion diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER the spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process three process of expansion diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER 1. hierarchical diffusion 2. contagious diffusion 3. stimulus diffusion hierarchical diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places; it may result from the spread of ideas from political leaders, socially elite people, or other important persons to others in the community contagious diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population; this is analogous to the spread of a contagious disease, such as influenza. It spreads like a wave among fans in a stadium, without regard for hierarchy and without requiring permanent relocation of people stimulus diffusion - CORRECT ANSWER the spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse distance decay - CORRECT ANSWER the diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin space-time compression - CORRECT ANSWER the reduction in the time it takes to diffuse something to a distant place as a result of improved communications and transportation systems network - CORRECT ANSWER a chain of communication that connects places three core or hearth regions of global culture - CORRECT ANSWER 1. North America 2. Europe 3. Japan uneven development - CORRECT ANSWER the increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the core and periphery that results from the globalization of the economy economic inequality - CORRECT ANSWER the difference found in various measures of economic well-being among individuals in a group, among groups in a population, or among countries. It sometimes refers to income inequality, wealth inequality, or the wealth gap. Mercator - CORRECT ANSWER Straight meridians and parallels that intersect at right angles, used for marine navigation because it maintains direction most effectively Azimuthal - CORRECT ANSWER Directions from a central point are preserved; usually these projections have a radical symmetry. Robinson - CORRECT ANSWER Distorts shape, area, scale, and distance in an attempt to balance the errors of projection properties. Peters - CORRECT ANSWER Equal area cylindrical, areas of equal size on the globe are also equally sized on the map. Choropleth - CORRECT ANSWER Thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurements of the statistical variable being displayed. Fuller - CORRECT ANSWER Using the surface of a polyhedron, it is unfolded to a net in many different ways and flattened to form a two dimensional map which retains most of the globe's proportional integrity. Thematic - CORRECT ANSWER Reflects a particular theme about a geographic area. Dot - CORRECT ANSWER One dot represents a certain number of phenomena. Proportional Symbol - CORRECT ANSWER Type of thematic map in which the areas of symbols are varied in proportion to the values of an attribute. Cartogram - CORRECT ANSWER Map in which some thematic mapping variable is substituted for land area. Gall-Peters Projection - CORRECT ANSWER Focuses more on land area accuracy; released in 1974, based off an 1800 design; More accurately shows southern hemisphere as larger than Northern Hemisphere; areas near the poles are stretched horizontally Fuller Projection - CORRECT ANSWER Sinusoidal projection - CORRECT ANSWER Isoline map - CORRECT ANSWER located chart - CORRECT ANSWER toponym - CORRECT ANSWER the name given to a place on Earth site - CORRECT ANSWER the physical character of a place situation - CORRECT ANSWER the location of a place relative to other places region - CORRECT ANSWER an area of Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics The two ways that geographers typically apply the concept of region - CORRECT ANSWER 1. several neighboring countries sharing an important feature (countries in Western Europe) 2. many localities within a country sharing an important feature (localities in SW Florida) cultural landscape - CORRECT ANSWER a combination of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features, such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation cultural landscape approach OR regional studies approach - CORRECT ANSWER initiated in France by Paul Vidal de la Blanche () and Jean Brunhes (). It was later adopted by several American geographers, including Carl Sauer () and Robert Platt (). Sauer defined cultural landscape as an area fashioned from nature by a cultural group. According to Sauer, "Culture is the agent, the natural area the medium, the cultural landscape the result." Three types of regions - CORRECT ANSWER 1. formal 2. functional 3. vernacular formal region AKA: uniform region - CORRECT ANSWER an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics; the shared feature could be a cultural value such as a common language , an economic activity such as production of a particular crop, or an environmental property such as climate vernacular region, AKA: perceptual region - CORRECT ANSWER an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity; such regions emerge from people's informal sense of place rather than from scientific models developed through geographic thought functional region, AKA: nodal region - CORRECT ANSWER an area organized around a node or focal point mental map - CORRECT ANSWER an internal representation of a portion of the Earth's surface culture - CORRECT ANSWER the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms that together constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people. origin of the word culture - CORRECT ANSWER LTN., CULTUS, "to care for" - to care ABOUT: to adore or worship something, as in the modern word CULT - to care FOR: to nurse or look after something, as in the modern word CULTIVATE three primary cultural traits - CORRECT ANSWER 1. language 2. religion 3. ethnicity resource - CORRECT ANSWER a substance in the environment that is useful to people, economically and technologically feasible to access, and socially acceptable to use three pillars of sustainability - CORRECT ANSWER 1. environment 2. economy 3. society Our Common Future - CORRECT ANSWER a landmark work in recognizing sustainability as a combination of natural and human elements; it is a report released in 1987 and is frequently called the Brundtland Report, named for the chair of the World Commission on Environment and Development, Gro Harlem Brundtland, former prime minster of Norway. This report argues that sustainability can be achieved only by bringing together environmental protection, economic growth, and social equity. conservation - CORRECT ANSWER the sustainable use and management of Earth's natural resources to meet human needs such as food, medicine, and recreation preservation - CORRECT ANSWER the maintenance of resources in their present condition, with as little human impact as possible biotic system - CORRECT ANSWER population geography or geodemography - CORRECT ANSWER a division of human geography concerned with spatial variations in distribution, composition, growth, and movements of population demography - CORRECT ANSWER the study of human populations, including their temporal (relating to worldly rather than spiritual affairs) and spatial dynamics demographer - CORRECT ANSWER a person who studies demography total fertility rate (TFR) - CORRECT ANSWER the average number of children born to a woman during her childbearing years infant mortality rate - CORRECT ANSWER the percentage of children who die before their first birthday within a particular area or country child mortality rate - CORRECT ANSWER number of deaths per thousand children within the first five years of life maternal mortality rate - CORRECT ANSWER number of deaths per thousand of women giving birth life expectancy - CORRECT ANSWER the average age of individuals are expected to live, which varies across space, between genders, and even between races crude birth rate (CBR) - CORRECT ANSWER the number of live births per year per 1,000 people crude death rate (CDR) - CORRECT ANSWER the number of deaths per year per 1,000 people natural increase rate (NIR) - CORRECT ANSWER the difference between the number of births and number of deaths within a particular country factors of population increase rates - CORRECT ANSWER 1. economic development 2. education 3. gender empowerment 4. healthcare 5. cultural traditions 6. public policy demographic accounting equation - CORRECT ANSWER an equation that summarizes the amount of growth or decline in a population within a country during a particular time period taking into account both natural increase and net migration migration - CORRECT ANSWER a long-term move of a person from one political jurisdiction to another emigrate - CORRECT ANSWER a move out of a particular country, usually the individual person's country of origin immigrate - CORRECT ANSWER the process of individuals moving into a new country with the intentions of remaining there factors contributing to migration - CORRECT ANSWER 1. political issues 2. economic factors 3. environmental issues 4. cultural issues 5. transportation routes push factors - CORRECT ANSWER incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil pull factors - CORRECT ANSWER attractions that draw migrants to a certain place, such as a pleasant climate and employment or educational opportunities voluntary migration - CORRECT ANSWER movement of an individual who consciously and voluntarily decides to locate to a new area--the opposite of forced migration chain migration - CORRECT ANSWER the migration event in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community forced or involuntary migration - CORRECT ANSWER the migration event in which individuals are forced to leave a country against their will intervening obstacles - CORRECT ANSWER any forces or factors that may limit human migration exponential growth - CORRECT ANSWER Growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of new people is added to a population each year. Exponential growth is compound because the fixed growth rate applies to an ever-increasing population. refugees - CORRECT ANSWER people who leave their home because they are forced out, but not because they are being officially relocated or enslaved Rust Belt - CORRECT ANSWER The northern industrial states of the United States, including Ohio, Michigan, and Pennsylvania, in which heavy industry was once the dominant economic activity. In the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, these states lost much of their economic base to economically attractive regions of the United States and to countries where labor was cheaper, leaving old machinery to rust in the moist northern climate. internal migration - CORRECT ANSWER the permanent or semipermanent movement of individuals within a particular country Cotton Belt - CORRECT ANSWER The term by which the American South used to be known, as cotton historically dominated the agricultural economy of the region. The same area is now known as the New South or Sun Belt because people have migrated here from older cities in the industrial north for a better climate and new job opportunities. Sun Belt - CORRECT ANSWER A new name for the American South, which used to be known as the Cotton Belt. It is now called the Sun Belt because people have migrated here from older cities in the industrial north for a better climate and new job opportunities. Thomas Malthus - CORRECT ANSWER Author of ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLE OF THE POPULATION (1798) who claimed that population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases arithmetically, and thereby that, eventually, population growth would outpace food production neo-Malthusian - CORRECT ANSWER advocacy of population-control programs to ensure enough resources for current and future populations demographic transition model - CORRECT ANSWER a sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time age-sex distribution - CORRECT ANSWER a model used in population geography that describes the ages and number of males and females within a given population; also called a population pyramid population pyramids - CORRECT ANSWER a model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population baby boom - CORRECT ANSWER a cohort of individuals born in the United States between 1946 and 1964, which was just after World War II in a time of relative peace and prosperity. These conditions allowed for better education and job opportunities, encouraging high rates of both marriage and fertility cohort - CORRECT ANSWER A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit Generation X - CORRECT ANSWER A term coined by artist and author Douglas Coupland to describe people born in the United States between the years 1965 and 1980. This post-baby-boom generation will have to support the baby boom cohort as they head into their retirement years. baby bust - CORRECT ANSWER Period of time during the 1960s and 1970s when fertility rates in the United States dropped as large numbers of women from the baby boom generation sought higher levels of education and more competitive jobs, causing them to marry later in life. As such, the fertility rate dropped considerably, in contrast to the baby boom, in which fertility rates were quite high. dependency ratio - CORRECT ANSWER the ratio of the number of people who are either too old or young to provide for themselves to the number of people who must support them through their own labor. This is usually expressed in the form n:100, where n equals the number of dependents. population density/arithmetic density - CORRECT ANSWER a measurement of the number of persons per unit of land area physiologic density - CORRECT ANSWER a ratio of human population to the area of cropland, used in less-developed countries dominated by subsistence agriculture carrying capacity - CORRECT ANSWER the largest number of people that the environment of a particular area can sustainably support overpopulation - CORRECT ANSWER a value judgment based on the notion that the resources of a particular area are not great enough to support that area's current population zero population growth - CORRECT ANSWER proposal to end population growth through a variety of official and nongovernmental family-planning programs census - CORRECT ANSWER A periodic and official count of a country's population. cartogram - CORRECT ANSWER a map that displays countries by size of population rather than land area sampling - CORRECT ANSWER technique used to get an accurate count of a population's sub-groups The Four Major Population Clusters - CORRECT ANSWER 1. East Asia 2. South Asia 3. Europe 4. Southeast Asia ecumene - CORRECT ANSWER the portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement Sparsely Populated Regions - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Dry lands 2. Wet lands 3. Cold lands 4. High lands Three types of density used in population geography - CORRECT ANSWER 1. arithmetic density 2. physiological density 3. agricultural density cultural density - CORRECT ANSWER the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable (suitable for growing crops) land doubling time - CORRECT ANSWER the number of years needed to double the population, assuming a CONSTANT rate of natural increase sex ratio - CORRECT ANSWER the number of males per 100 females in the population demographic transition - CORRECT ANSWER a process of change in a society's population from high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population; four stages (though there is a fifth stage that is theoretical); every country is in one of these stages 4 Stages of Demographic Transition - CORRECT ANSWER 1. low growth 2. high growth 3. decreasing growth 4. low growth low growth, 1 - CORRECT ANSWER very high birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase high growth, 2 - CORRECT ANSWER rapidly declining death rates and very high birth rates produce very high natural increase decreasing growth, 3 - CORRECT ANSWER birth rates rapidly decline, death rates continue to decline, and natural increase rates begin to moderate low growth, 4 - CORRECT ANSWER very low birth and death rates produce virtually no long-term natural increase and possibly a decrease Industrial Revolution - CORRECT ANSWER beginning in the late 18th century (1700s) and diffused to the European continent and North America (including the United States) during the 19th century; it was a conjunction of major improvements in manufacturing goods and delivering them to market, the result of which was an unprecedented level of wealth, some of which was used to make communities healthier places to live medical revolution - CORRECT ANSWER a late twentieth century development in which medical technology invented in Europe and North America diffused into developing countries epidemiologic transition - CORRECT ANSWER distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition epidemiology - CORRECT ANSWER the branch of medical science concerned with incidence, distribution, and control of diseases that are prevalent among a population at a special time and are produced by some special causes not generally present in the affected locality pestilence - CORRECT ANSWER a fatal epidemic disease, especially bubonic plague. pandemic - CORRECT ANSWER a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population AIDS - CORRECT ANSWER a deadly disease that interferes with the body's natural ability to fight infection migration transition - CORRECT ANSWER a change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition E.G. Ravenstein - CORRECT ANSWER a nineteenth-century geographer who outlined migration "laws" that are the basis for contemporary geographic migration studies three groups of Ravenstein's migration laws - CORRECT ANSWER 1. The distance that migrants typically move 2. The reasons migrants move 3. The characteristics of migrants Wilbur Zelinsky - CORRECT ANSWER a geographer who identified a migration transition, which consists of changes in a society comparable to those in the demographic transition Ravenstein's laws for the distance that migrants travel to their new homes - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Most migrants relocate a short distance and remain within the same country. 2. Long-distance migrants to other countries head for major centers of economic activity. interregional migration - CORRECT ANSWER movement from one region to another intraregional migration - CORRECT ANSWER movement within one region the three largest flows of migrants - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Asia to Europe 2. Asia to North America 3. Latin America to North America counterurbanization - CORRECT ANSWER net migration internally displaced person (IDP) - CORRECT ANSWER someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across and international border asylum seeker - CORRECT ANSWER someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee floodplain - CORRECT ANSWER the area subject to flooding during a given number of years, according to historical trends guest worker - CORRECT ANSWER a term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North America, in search of a higher-paying job quota - CORRECT ANSWER in reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year brain drain - CORRECT ANSWER large-scale emigration by talented people unauthorized immigrants - CORRECT ANSWER people who enter a country without proper documents to do so remittances - CORRECT ANSWER the term for money that migrant workers send to friends or family in their home countries Creole languages - CORRECT ANSWER A language that results from the mixing of the colonizer's language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated. These are romance languages spoken in some former colonies that can also be classified as separate languages because they differ substantially from the original introduced by European colonizers. Examples include French Creole in Haiti, Papiamento (creolized Spanish) in Netherlands Antilles (West Indies), and Portuguese Creole in the Cape Verde Islands off the African coast. Basque - CORRECT ANSWER An isolated European language that is the only language currently spoken in Europe that survives from the period before the arrival of Indo-European speakers. It is now the first language of 666,000 people in the Pyrenees Mountains of northern Spain and southwestern France. It's lack of connection to other languages reflects the isolation of the people in these mountains. This isolation has helped them preserve their language. Icelandic - CORRECT ANSWER a language related to other languages in the North Germanic Group of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European family. It's significance is that, over the past 1,000 years, it has changed less than any other language in the Germanic branch due to the isolation of its speakers. Koro Aka - CORRECT ANSWER Researchers from Ethnologue concluded that this language is a distinct language in India and that it belongs to the Tibeto-Burman branch of Sino-Tibetan, but they were not able to classify it in a group. It has around 1,000 speakers and is located in northeastern India. extinct languages - CORRECT ANSWER languages that were once in use, even in the recent past, but are no longer spoken or read in daily activities by anyone in the world. EXAMPLES: - Native American languages (74 of them) - Peru's indigenous languages - Gothic (an old Eastern/Northern European language): the last speakers of this language lived in Crimea in the 16th century; many switched to speaking Latin after their conversion to Christianity Hebrew - CORRECT ANSWER a once-extinct language that has been revived through readings of the Jewish Bible as part of Jewish cultural efforts; the revival was initiated by Eliezer Ben-Yehuda, who lived in Palestine before the creation of the state of Israel. Celtic - CORRECT ANSWER A branch of Indo-European with two groups: Goidelic (Gaelic) and Brythonic. Five of these languages are in danger of becoming extinct languages. 1. Welsh (Brythonic)--spoken mostly in Wales, just north of England 2. Irish--one of the two official languages of Ireland (English is the other); many people are learning English instead because it's easier to get jobs outside of Ireland 3. Breton--spoken in Brittany, an isolated peninsula that juts out into the Atlantic Ocean off the English isle; it has more French words than other languages of this branch 4. Scottish--spoken by only 1 percent of the people in Scotland; it is the language in which "Auld Lang Syne," a poem that inspired the New Year's song, was originally written 5. Cornish--became extinct in 1777 but has since been revived (1920s) since it is now taught in grade schools and adult evening courses Maori - CORRECT ANSWER The native language of the native inhabitants of New Zealand; New Zealand has adopted policies in an attempt to preserve this language Aboriginal Australian - CORRECT ANSWER The language of the native inhabitants of Australia; there have been attempts to preserve this language, but schools mostly teach English. Occitan - CORRECT ANSWER a language spoken by about 2 million people in southern France and adjacent countries. There are many dialects of this language including Auvergnat, Gascon, and Provencal. In the region of France that speaks this language, the government has started schools and other efforts to support the preservation of this language. Arabic language in print - CORRECT ANSWER Chinese language in print - CORRECT ANSWER Russian (Cyrillic) alphabet in print - CORRECT ANSWER Japanese language in print - CORRECT ANSWER Hindi language in print - CORRECT ANSWER lingua franca - CORRECT ANSWER a language of international communication, usually used to facilitate trade/business EX: English, Swahili, Arabic, French, Mandarin pidgin language - CORRECT ANSWER a simplified form of a lingua franca, which mixes words from one's native language with the lingua franca Franglais - CORRECT ANSWER a combination of French and English Spanglish - CORRECT ANSWER a combination of Spanish and English Denglist - CORRECT ANSWER a combination of German and English Two ways that expansion diffusion has occurred in English - CORRECT ANSWER 1. English is changing through diffusion of new vocabulary, spelling and pronunciation. 2. English words are fusing with other languages. Ebonics/African American Vernacular English - CORRECT ANSWER a dialect of English spoken by some African Americans Dalai Lama - CORRECT ANSWER the spiritual head of Tibetan Buddhism and, until the establishment of Chinese communist rule, the spiritual and temporal ruler of Tibet. Buddhists believe that the spirit of this person enters a child every time the previous leader dies. Universalizing religions - CORRECT ANSWER a religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location Ethnic religions - CORRECT ANSWER a religion with a relatively concentrated spatial distribution whose principles are likely to be based on the physical characteristics of the particular location in which its adherents are concentrated. atheism - CORRECT ANSWER the belief that God does not exist agnosticism - CORRECT ANSWER the belief that nothing can be known about whether God exists branch (of a religion) - CORRECT ANSWER a large and fundamental division within a religion denomination - CORRECT ANSWER a division of a branch that unites a number unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body sect - CORRECT ANSWER a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination Orthodox Christianity - CORRECT ANSWER the branch of Christianity usually practiced in Eastern Europe and the MIddle East; it includes the Russian Orthodox Church and 13 other self-governing churches Catholicism - CORRECT ANSWER The original Christian church; it is headed up by the Pope in Rome, and the leaders of individual, local churches are called priests. Protestant Christianity - CORRECT ANSWER A branch of Christianity with individual denominations rather than central leadership. It was initiated by Martin Luther in 1517, when he posted his 95 disagreements with the Catholic Church on the door of his church. Islam - CORRECT ANSWER the religion of the Muslims, a monotheistic faith regarded as revealed through Muhammad as the Prophet of Allah. Sunni - CORRECT ANSWER A branch of Islam whose name comes from the Arabic for, "people following the example of Muhammad." They comprise 83 percent of Muslims and are the largest branch in most Muslim countries in Southwest Asia and North Africa. Shiite - CORRECT ANSWER A branch of Islam whose name comes from the Arabic word for, "sectarian." They comprise 16 percent of Muslims, clustered in a handful of countries. Nearly 30 percent of all of this group lives in Iran, 15 percent in Pakistan, and 10 percent in Iraq. They comprise nearly 90 percent of the population in Iran and more than half the population in Azerbaijan, Iraq, and the less populous countries of Oman and Bahrain Buddhism - CORRECT ANSWER One of the world's major universalizing religions whose followers attempt to reach freedom by following the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, or, The Buddha. Mahayana - CORRECT ANSWER A branch of Buddhism that split from Theravada Buddhism about 2,000 years ago. The name of this branch translates, "the great vehicle," and followers call Theravada by the name, "HINAYANA," which means, "the inferior vehicle." Followers of this branch claim that their approach to Buddhism can help more people because it is less demanding and all-encompassing. They emphasize Buddha's later years of teaching and helping others. They cite Buddha's compassion as his most prominent characteristic. Theravada - CORRECT ANSWER A branch of Buddhism that is the older of the two larger branches (the other large branch is Mahayana). The name of this branch means, "the way of the elders," indicating that those who are a part of this branch believe that they are closer to Buddha's original approach. They believe that Buddhism is a full-time occupation, so to become a good Buddhist, one must renounce worldly goods and become a monk, They also emphasize Buddha's life of self-help and years of solitary introspection. They also cite Buddha's wisdom as his most prominent characteristic. Vajrayana - CORRECT ANSWER A branch of Buddhism that emphasizes the practice of rituals, known as Tantras, which have been recorded in texts. They believe that Buddha began to practice Tantras during his lifetime, although other Buddhists regard this branch as an approach to Buddhism that evolved from Mahayana Buddhism several centuries later. Hinduism - CORRECT ANSWER The world's third-largest religion (900 million), this is a major religious and cultural tradition of South Asia, developed from Vedic religion; there is huge variance in this religion. Some people worship many gods, some people worship one, but the average Hindu has allegiance to a particular god or concept within a broad range of possibilities. The manifestation of God with the largest number of adherents--an estimated 80 percent--is Vaishnavism, which worships the god Vishnu, a loving god incarnated as Krishna. The second-largest is Sivaism, dedicated to Siva, a protective and destructive god. Confucianism - CORRECT ANSWER A traditional Chinese religion centered around the teachings of Confucius, a philosopher and teacher in the Chinese province of Lu. His sayings, which were recorded by his students, emphasized the importance of the ancient Chinese tradition of li, which can be translated roughly as, "propriety" or "correct behavior." It was also concerned with the ideas of ethical, orderly conduct, following traditions, and fulfilling obligations, specifically the obligation of respect for one's elders. Taoism - CORRECT ANSWER A traditional Chinese religion organized by Lao-Zi (Lao Tse). Although a government administrator by profession, Lao-Zi's writings emphasized the mystical and magical aspects of life rather than the importance of public service, which Confucius had emphasized. The meaning of this term is "The way" or "the path." Juchte - CORRECT ANSWER Most North Koreans are classified as adherents to this religion. This term is a Korean word meaning "self-reliance." This "religion," as it was termed by A, was organized by Kim Il-sung, the leader of North Korea between 1948 and his death in 1994. This belief system is mostly considered a government ideology or philosophy. animism - CORRECT ANSWER People who follow this traditional ethnic set of religions typically live in Africa. Approximately 100 million Africans practice an ethnic religion that falls into this category. Those who practice one of these religions believe that inanimate objects such as plants and stones, or natural events such as thunderstorms and earthquakes are "animated" or have discrete spirits and conscious life. Many of these religions are apparently based on monotheistic concepts, although below the supreme god there is a hierarchy of divinities. These divinities may be assistants to the supreme god or personifications of natural phenomena. spiritism - CORRECT ANSWER the belief that the human personality continues to exist after death and can communicate with the living through the agency of a medium or psychic; primarily practiced in Brazil monotheism - CORRECT ANSWER the belief that there is only one god polytheism - CORRECT ANSWER the belief that there are many gods Judaism - CORRECT ANSWER the first recorded religion to espouse monotheism; they believe in one, all-powerful god; this is an ethnic religion whose adherents (for the most part) descended from the biblical figure Abraham. The name of this religion derives from Judah, one of the patriarch Jacob's 12 sons Buddhism's Four Noble Truths - CORRECT ANSWER 1. All living beings must endure suffering. 2. Suffering, which is caused by a desire to live, leads to reincarnation (repeated rebirth in new bodies or forms of life). 3. The goal of all existence is to escape suffering and the endless cycle of reincarnation into Nirvana (a state of complete redemption), which is achieved through mental and moral self-purification. 4. Nirvana is attained through an Eightfold Path, which includes rightness of belief, resolve, speech, action, livelihood, effort, thought, and meditation. Five Pillars of Islam (Faith) - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Shahada, which means frequent recitation that there is no god worthy of worship except the one God, the source of all creation, and Muhammad is the messenger of God. 2. Salat, which means that five times daily, a Muslim prays, facing the city of Makkah (Mecca), as a direct link to God. 3. Zakat, which means that a Muslim gives generously to charity as an act of purification and growth. 4. Sawm of Ramadan, which means that a Muslim fasts during the month of Ramadan as an act of self-purification. 5. Hajj, which means that if physically and financially able, a Muslim makes a pilgrimage to Makkah. Muhammad - CORRECT ANSWER the prophet of Islam Missionaries - CORRECT ANSWER individuals who help to transmit a universalizing religion through relocation diffusion mosque - CORRECT ANSWER Muslim religious building minaret - CORRECT ANSWER a tower where a muezzin calls people to worship pagoda - CORRECT ANSWER Buddhist religious building Golden Temple of Amritsar - CORRECT ANSWER Sikhism's most holy structure built by Arjan, the fifth guru, in the Punjab, a region in India pilgrimage - CORRECT ANSWER a journey for religious purposes to a place considered sacred hajj - CORRECT ANSWER a Muslim pilgrimage to mecca cosmogeny - CORRECT ANSWER a set of religious beliefs concerning the origin of the universe solstice - CORRECT ANSWER the longest and shortest days of the year, summer and winter, respectively utopian settlement - CORRECT ANSWER an ideal community built around a religious way of life common - CORRECT ANSWER a green open space in the middle of a town, usually near a church; they are frequent in New England and were inspired by utopian settlements standard language - CORRECT ANSWER a dialect that is well established and widely recognized as the most acceptable for government, business, education, and mass communication. Received Pronunciation (RP) - CORRECT ANSWER the standard dialect of British English, commonly used by broadcasters, politicians, actors, etc. It was the dialect used by upper-class residents in the capital city of London and the two important university cities of Cambridge and Oxford. It was diffused via the introduction of the printing press and grammar books and dictionaries Three ways in which the American dialect differs from the British - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Vocabulary 2. Spelling 3. Pronunciation Castilian - CORRECT ANSWER a dialect that arose during the ninth century in Old Castile, located in north-central Spain; out of this language grew Spanish, and __________ is no longer its own language but a regional dialect. Valencian - CORRECT ANSWER a dialect of Catalan spoken mostly in and around the city of Valencia, Spain. Some argue that it is a separate language. Balear - CORRECT ANSWER a dialect of Catalan spoken in the Balearic Islands, including Ibiza and Majorca Catalan-Valencian-Balear - CORRECT ANSWER Ethnologue's name for Catalan because of the controversy over whether Balear and Valencian are also languages and not simply dialects of Catalan. Galician - CORRECT ANSWER Spoken in NW Spain and NE Portugal; some call it a language and others call it a dialect of Portuguese Moldovan - CORRECT ANSWER Generally classified as a dialect of Romanian, it is the official language of Moldova. It is written, like Russian, in Cyrillic letters, a legacy of Moldova being a part of the Soviet Union, whereas Romanian is written in Roman letters. Austronesian - CORRECT ANSWER A language family spoken by about 6 percent of the world's people, who are mostly in Indonesia, the world's fourth-most-populous country. It's biggest language is Javanese, spoken by 85 million people, mostly on the island of Java. Austro-Asiatic - CORRECT ANSWER A language family spoken by about 2 percent of the world's population and based in Southeast Asia. Vietnamese is the most-spoken tongue of this language family and is written with our Roman alphabet. Tai Kadai - CORRECT ANSWER This family was once classified as a branch of Sino-Tibetan. The principal languages of this family are spoken in Thailand and neighboring portions of China. Similarities with the Austronesian family have lead some linguistic scholars to speculate that people speaking these languages may have migrated from the Philippines. Japanese - CORRECT ANSWER Written in part in Chinese logograms, this language family/language also uses to systems of phonetic symbols, like Western languages, used either in place of the logograms or alongside them. Chinese cultural traits have diffused into this society, including the original writing form of this language. But the structures of the two languages differ. Korean - CORRECT ANSWER Unlike Sino-Tibetan languages and Japanese, this language/family is written not with logograms but with a system known as hankul (AKA: hangul or onmun). In this system, each letter represents a sound, as in Western languages. More than half of the vocabulary of this language/family derives from Chinese words. Afro-Asiatic - CORRECT ANSWER This language family's major language is Arabic, an official language in two dozen countries of Southwest Asia and North Africa, and one of six official languages of the United Nations. In addition to the 200-million-plus native speakers of Arabic, a large percentage of the world's Muslims have at least some knowledge of Arabic because the Quran (Koran) was written in that language in the 7th century. This family also includes Hebrew, the language of the Bible. Altaic - CORRECT ANSWER This language family is thought to have originated in the steppes bordering the Qilian Shan and Altai mountains between Tibet and China. Present distribution covers an 8,000 km (5,000 mile) band of Asia. The language with the most speakers in this family is Turkish. When the Soviet Union governed most of the _______________-speaking region of Central Asia , use of ________________ languages was suppressed to create a homogenous national culture. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, __________ languages became official languages in several newly independent countries, including Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgystan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan. Uralic - CORRECT ANSWER Estonia, Finland, and Hungary all speak languages in this family. Once thought to be linked to Altaic family, but recent studies point to geographically distinct origins. _________ languages are traceable back to a common language, Proto-____________, first used 7,000 years ago by people living in the Ural Mountains of present-day Russia, north of the Kurgan homeland. Migrants carried ___ languages to Europe, carving out homelands for themselves in the midst of Germanic- and Slavic-speaking people and retaining their languages as a major element of cultural identity. Niger-Congo - CORRECT ANSWER More than 95 percent of people in sub-Saharan Africa speak languages of this family. One of these languages, Swahili, is the first language of only 800,00 people and an official language in only one country--Tanzania. It is spoken as a second language used for trade, etc. by at least 30 million Africans. Local language is used in villages, and Swahili is used for communication between people from different parts of Africa. Nilo-Saharan - CORRECT ANSWER Languages of this family are spoken by a few million people in north-central Africa, immediately north of the Niger-Congo language region. Divisions within this family exemplify the problem of classifying African languages. Despite having relatively few speakers, this family is divided into six branches, plus numerous groups and subgroups. The total number of people speaking a language from this family is extremely small. Khoisan - CORRECT ANSWER A distinctive characteristic of this language family is the use of clicking sounds. Upon hearing this, whites in southern Africa derisively and onomatopoeically named the most important of these languages, "Hottentot." Germanic Branch - CORRECT ANSWER -Part of Indo-European family - Includes: West Germanic group, which is further divided into High Germanic and Low Germanic subgroups, so named because they are found in high and low elevations within present-day Germany. High German, spoken in the southern mountains of Germany, is the basis for the modern standard German language. English is classified in the Low Germanic subgroup of the West Germanic group. - Other Low Germanic languages include Dutch (Belgium) and Afrikaans (South Africa) -Frisian (some people in Netherlands) _ALSO North Germanic group (Scandanavian languages--Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, and Icelandic) Indo-Iranian Branch - CORRECT ANSWER Branch of Indo-European that includes more than 100 individual languages; has the most speakers of any Indo-European branch. It is divided into two groups: eastern (Indic) and western (Iranian) Indic (Eastern) Group - CORRECT ANSWER Group of Indo-Iranian Branch of Indo-European. 1 billion people in India speak a language from this group. Hindi is a large language from this group. Hindi is written using Devanagari. Hindi is a lingua franca in India, and many people speak smaller languages and use Hindi to communicate with people from farther away. Iranian (Western) Group - CORRECT ANSWER Group of Indo-Iranian Branch of Indo-European family--languages from this family are spoken in Iran and neighboring countries in Central Asia. Major group languages include Persian in Iran, Pashto in eastern Afghanistan and western Pakistan, and Kurdish, used by the Kurds of western Iran, northern Iraq, and eastern Turkey. These languages are written in the Arabic alphabet. Balto-Slavic Branch - CORRECT ANSWER The main language of this Branch, Slavic, was once a single language, but differences developed when several groups of Slaves migrated from Asia to different areas of Eastern Europe and thereafter lived in isolation from one another. As a result , this branch can be divided into East, West, and South Slavic groups as well as the Baltic group. East Slavic and Baltic Groups - CORRECT ANSWER The most widely used languages in this group are the eastern ones, primarily Russian, which is spoken by more than 80 percent of the Russian people. Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. - ALSO: Ukranian and Belarusan languages West and South Slavic Groups - CORRECT ANSWER -West Slavic most spoken = Polish, then Czech, then Slovak - Czechoslovakia used to attempt to balance the use of Czech and Slovak when it was one country - Slovaks now use the language as a way to reclaim national identity of newly free state of Slovakia. -Serbo-Croatian=name offends Bosnians and Croatians because it recalls when they were once in a country dominated by Serbs. Names are now used separately to talk about one language (Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian are referred to separately but are the same language). - Montenegrans and Serbs use the Cyrillic alphabet and Bosnians and Croats use the Roman alphabet Romance Branch - CORRECT ANSWER This branch evolved from Latin language spoken by the Romans 2,000 years ago. The four most widely used languages of this branch are Spanish, Portuguese, French, and Italian German Invasion - CORRECT ANSWER The Angles, Jutes, and Saxons invaded the British Isles and brought German with them. Norman Invasion - CORRECT ANSWER The Normans, from present-day Normandy in France, invaded and conquered the British Isles in 1066, bringing French with them and into the English language Vulgar Latin - CORRECT ANSWER the Latin spoken by "the masses" isogloss - CORRECT ANSWER a word-usage boundary showing where in a region a particular word is used New England English dialect - CORRECT ANSWER the dialect of those who settled in colonies in and above present-day New Jersey. Two-thirds of these colonists were Puritans from East Anglia in southeastern England, and only a few came from the north of England. Southeastern English dialect - CORRECT ANSWER The dialect of those who lived from the Delaware Valley (in Delaware) and into Kentucky, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Western North and South Carolina. This group represented a diversity of social-class backgrounds, including deported prisoners, indentured servants, and political and religious refugees. This area is slightly west and inland of the East Coast. Midlands English dialect - CORRECT ANSWER The people who spoke this dialect were more diverse. The early settlers of Pennsylvania were predominantly Quakers from the north of England. Scots and Irish also went to Pennsylvania, as well as to New Jersey and Delaware. The Middle Atlantic colonies also attracted many German, Dutch, and Swedish immigrants who learned their English from the English-speaking settlers in the area. This area goes from the eastern part of Delaware down to the eastern part of South Carolina. climate - CORRECT ANSWER the typical temperature, rainfall, and wind in a given area; the weather over time topography - CORRECT ANSWER the height, shape, etc., of the land in a particular area wood as a building material - CORRECT ANSWER generally preferred in house construction because it is easy to build with; in the past, pioneers who settled in forested regions would use this material to build cabins for themselves. Today, people in developed countries buy this material that has been cut by machine into needed shapes. Brick as a building material - CORRECT ANSWER In hot, dry climates--such as the US southwest, Mexico, northern China, and parts of the Middle East--this material is made by baking wet mud in the sun. Stone as a building material - CORRECT ANSWER this material is used to build houses in parts of Europe and South America and as decoration on the outside of brick or wood houses in other countries. Three hearths of house types in the United States - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Middle Atlantic 2. Lower Chesapeake/Tidewater 3. New England Middle Atlantic housing hearth (USA) - CORRECT ANSWER The principal house type was known as the "I"-house, typically two full stories in height, one room deep and at least two rooms wide. This type was carried by migrants westward across the Ohio Valley and southwestward along the Appalachian trails. Lower Chesapeake/Tidewater housing hearth (USA) - CORRECT ANSWER This style typically comprised one story, with a steep room and chimneys at either end. Migrants spread these houses from the Virginia area after which the type is named along the Southeast Coast. In wet areas, houses in the coastal southeast were often raised on piers or on brick foundations. New England housing hearth (USA) - CORRECT ANSWER The distinctive style was box shaped with a central hall. This house type can be found throughout the Great Lakes region as far west as Wisconsin because this area was settled primarily by migrants from New England. dowry - CORRECT ANSWER a "gift" from one family to another as a sign of respect when two members of the family marry uniform landscape - CORRECT ANSWER the lack of distinctiveness of a place; think of looking at a street in any modern American town--you might be able to mistake it for any OTHER street due to an increasing lack of distinctiveness environmental capacity - CORRECT ANSWER the amount of people living in a place/human interaction that that place can sustain without huge environmental damage What are the two main series of activities involved in recycling? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Pick-up and processing 2. Manufacturing The four principal ways that recycled materials are picked up and processed - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Curbside programs 2. Drop-off centers 3. Buy-back centers 4. Deposit programs The primary materials used in manufacturing recycled products - CORRECT ANSWER 1. paper 2. plastic 3. glass 4. aluminum language - CORRECT ANSWER a system of communication through speech, a collection of sounds that a group of people understands to have the same meaning literary tradition - CORRECT ANSWER a system of written communication official language - CORRECT ANSWER the language used by a government for laws, reports, public objects (road signs, money, stamps), etc. Ethnologue - CORRECT ANSWER one of the most authoritative sources of languages language family - CORRECT ANSWER a collection of languages related through a common ancestral language that existed long before recorded history language branch - CORRECT ANSWER a collection of languages within a family related through a common ancestral language that existed several thousand years ago; differences are not as extensive or as old as between language families, and archaeological evidence can confirm that these languages are derived from the same family language group - CORRECT ANSWER a collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display many similarities in grammar and vocabulary Indo-European - CORRECT ANSWER the most widely used language family and the predominant one in Europe, South Asia, and North and Latin America Sino-Tibetan - CORRECT ANSWER a language family that encompasses languages spoken in the People's Republic of China and in several countries in Southeast Asia logograms - CORRECT ANSWER symbols that represent words, or meaningful parts of words, rather than sounds; many of the Chinese Sino-Tibetan languages use these habit - CORRECT ANSWER a repetitive act performed by a particular individual custom - CORRECT ANSWER the frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act hearth - CORRECT ANSWER a center of innovation Tin Pan Alley - CORRECT ANSWER the name given to the collection of New York City music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music of the United States in the late 19th century and early 20th century and wrote music originally for vaudeville and music hall performances folk culture - CORRECT ANSWER culture traditionally practiced by a small, homogeneous rural group popular culture - CORRECT ANSWER culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics taboo - CORRECT ANSWER a restriction on behavior imposed by social custom terrior - CORRECT ANSWER the contribution of a location's distinctive physical features to the way food tastes environmental determinism - CORRECT ANSWER A doctrine that claims that cultural traits are formed and controlled by environmental conditions. possibilism - CORRECT ANSWER The theory that the physical may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives acculturation - CORRECT ANSWER the adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group or another artifact - CORRECT ANSWER any item that represents a material aspect of culture cultural hearth - CORRECT ANSWER locations on earth's surface where specific cultures first arose cultural imperialism - CORRECT ANSWER the dominance of one culture over another cultural trait - CORRECT ANSWER the specific customs that are a part of everyday life a particular culture, such as language, religion, ethnicity, social institutions, and aspects of popular culture Two competing "ethnic" groups in Lebanon - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Christians 2. Muslims (even though they are religions, the Christians see themselves as having descended from a different ethnic group) Three principal ethnicities of Sri Lanka - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Sinhalese 2. Tamils 3. Moors Sinhalese - CORRECT ANSWER an ethnic group that comprises 74 percent of Sri Lanka's population and migrated fr