Definitions: Tectonic Plates
Tectonic Hazards: events occurring
due to movement of the earths crust Structure of the earth:
with the potential to cause damage to
Inner + Outer Core: theNepal
Japan 2011 (developed) inner 2015
most (developing)
part of the earth (solid + liquid, 4000-
property and loss of life eg.
Key Facts Epicentre 72km east of 5000C,
Tohoku in the high density,
Pacific Ocean 3478km) Gorka district near Kathmandu
Earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes
Location: Mantle: the layer beneath the crust, containing liquid magma, includes the
Geosphere: the rocks that make up lower mantle (solid, 1600-4000C), asthnosphere (partly molten rock,
Magnitude:
the solid mass of the earth, from the partly solid rock, 900-1600C), the lower part of7.8M
9.0M the lithosphere
Depth of focus: 24km
Lithosphere: is made up of the crust and upper-most 8.2km solid mantle, solid,
crust to the core
Aftershocks:
air temp.- 900C, low density
Tectonic plate: a large section of the 100s Inc. 5 over
The magnitude
Crust: the7.0 outermost layer
Numerous, largestsolid,
of the earth, 7.3 magnitude
0-100kmon 12th May
thick, can be
Key impacts
earth’s crust Death Toll: 15,891 >8500
continental (30-50km thick, made of mostly granite, permanent, forms the
Buildings 127,290 160,000
Plate boundary: the Destroyed:
edge of a plate land) or oceanic (6-8km thick, made of basalt, can be created or destroyed,
where 2 plates meet Economic found
$300 billion under the ocean)
dollars $10 billion
Cost:
Primary
Geothermal Heat: the heat fromEarthquake: Destruction of Kathmandu Valley
impact only 5% of the total deaths were homes and businesses destroyed, blocked
inside the earth
from the earthquake roads, unstable buildings
ancient monuments collapse
Radioactive Decay: produces heat of
injury, confusion
elements such as uranium and social and cultural fabric of the country
thorium in the core and mantle affected
water pipes burst – no water for many
Volcanic
Secondaryexplosivity index (VEI): a
Tsunami: Avalanches
relative
impactsscale based on the volume of over 90 % of total deaths were Base camp of Everest destroyed by a collapse
erupted tephra (rock fragments and from drowning, of an ice ridge, killed 19 people and injured
particles ejected by a volcano) this 340,000 people were displaced in many
the Tohoku region, 180 climbers trapped at Camp 1 + 2
enables explosive volcanic eruptions the Sendai Airport was flooded,
to be compared to one another 20,000 people were stranded at Landslides:
major stations across Tokyo Numerous villages severely affected
Convection currents: when heat Radiation Threat: Whole village of Lang Tang was buried – all
rises from the core through the Tsunami disabled the cooling houses except 1, 55 guest houses, everyone
mantle, moving the tectonic plates system of a nuclear reactor died
above 300 tons of radioactive water
continue to leaktype
Boundary into theDivergent
Pacific or hot spot Convergent subduction
Hotspots: they’re formed away from each day
plate boundaries by a plume of VeryExamples Mauna Loa, Hawaii
low levels of radioactive Mt St Helens, USA
superheated rock rising very slowly
Magma
chemicals type
have Basaltic,
been detected extremely runny Andesitic, thicker
along the North American Coast
through the mantle. This causes Planning:
the Shape Very gentle slopes, very wide, Steep-sided and conical,
Managemen Immediate Response:
asthenosphere
t and the lithosphere to Early warning system sent layers
a of lava Volunteers andlayers of ash
the army dugand lava
for survivors
melt. The magma produced then rises message Explosivity Low a(VEI 0-4) Helicopters evacuated
to Tokyo residents High (VEIclimbers
4+) from Everest
through the weaknesses in the crust minute before the earthquake
Explanation Basaltic lava Camps
has less1 silica
+2, two at agas
and timethan andesitic
Strict seismic building codes International aid relief and rescue workers
and erupts at the earths surface meant the buildings in the area so it’s less viscous (more
were sent i.e. fluid)
search and rescue and medical
affected could withstand an The low viscosity staff of basaltic lava allows gas
Earthquakes: intense vibrations earthquake bubbles to escape
Temporary
which camps
makes setitupless
for eruptive.
the homeless
within the earths crust caused by High speed trains and factory Long-term response:
sudden plate movements assembly lines were stopped This lavaoften erupts from
Rebuilding longand
of homes cracks in the
transport
Immediate Response: earths surface and flows long distances before
infrastructure
Prediction: to use expertise to Government mobilised the self- cooling which create gentle
Restoration slopes
of ancient monuments
identify when and where a hazard will defence forces to assist in search Helped by International aid donations e.g. UK
The high viscosity (stickiness) of andesitic lava
occur, based on research and rescue - £50m from the government, £33m from
Aid organisations provided means the high concentration
public donations of gas bubbles can’t
Planning: to organise response temporary accommodation escape easily – therefore when andesitic magma
Many countries sent teams to reaches the surface its more likely to explode but
strategies to deal with a hazard,
assist
including funding and training Long-term response: when the vent becomes blocked with solidified
emergency services and educating Tsunami experts have been asked lava, the pressure builds until the next eruption
the public to assess the history of past
tsunamis, to better predict the
Preparation: to ensure high country’s future earthquake risk
standards of building design and
transport infrastructure (long term)
and to warn and evacuate the public if
a hazard is predicted (short term)
Tectonic Hazards: events occurring
due to movement of the earths crust Structure of the earth:
with the potential to cause damage to
Inner + Outer Core: theNepal
Japan 2011 (developed) inner 2015
most (developing)
part of the earth (solid + liquid, 4000-
property and loss of life eg.
Key Facts Epicentre 72km east of 5000C,
Tohoku in the high density,
Pacific Ocean 3478km) Gorka district near Kathmandu
Earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes
Location: Mantle: the layer beneath the crust, containing liquid magma, includes the
Geosphere: the rocks that make up lower mantle (solid, 1600-4000C), asthnosphere (partly molten rock,
Magnitude:
the solid mass of the earth, from the partly solid rock, 900-1600C), the lower part of7.8M
9.0M the lithosphere
Depth of focus: 24km
Lithosphere: is made up of the crust and upper-most 8.2km solid mantle, solid,
crust to the core
Aftershocks:
air temp.- 900C, low density
Tectonic plate: a large section of the 100s Inc. 5 over
The magnitude
Crust: the7.0 outermost layer
Numerous, largestsolid,
of the earth, 7.3 magnitude
0-100kmon 12th May
thick, can be
Key impacts
earth’s crust Death Toll: 15,891 >8500
continental (30-50km thick, made of mostly granite, permanent, forms the
Buildings 127,290 160,000
Plate boundary: the Destroyed:
edge of a plate land) or oceanic (6-8km thick, made of basalt, can be created or destroyed,
where 2 plates meet Economic found
$300 billion under the ocean)
dollars $10 billion
Cost:
Primary
Geothermal Heat: the heat fromEarthquake: Destruction of Kathmandu Valley
impact only 5% of the total deaths were homes and businesses destroyed, blocked
inside the earth
from the earthquake roads, unstable buildings
ancient monuments collapse
Radioactive Decay: produces heat of
injury, confusion
elements such as uranium and social and cultural fabric of the country
thorium in the core and mantle affected
water pipes burst – no water for many
Volcanic
Secondaryexplosivity index (VEI): a
Tsunami: Avalanches
relative
impactsscale based on the volume of over 90 % of total deaths were Base camp of Everest destroyed by a collapse
erupted tephra (rock fragments and from drowning, of an ice ridge, killed 19 people and injured
particles ejected by a volcano) this 340,000 people were displaced in many
the Tohoku region, 180 climbers trapped at Camp 1 + 2
enables explosive volcanic eruptions the Sendai Airport was flooded,
to be compared to one another 20,000 people were stranded at Landslides:
major stations across Tokyo Numerous villages severely affected
Convection currents: when heat Radiation Threat: Whole village of Lang Tang was buried – all
rises from the core through the Tsunami disabled the cooling houses except 1, 55 guest houses, everyone
mantle, moving the tectonic plates system of a nuclear reactor died
above 300 tons of radioactive water
continue to leaktype
Boundary into theDivergent
Pacific or hot spot Convergent subduction
Hotspots: they’re formed away from each day
plate boundaries by a plume of VeryExamples Mauna Loa, Hawaii
low levels of radioactive Mt St Helens, USA
superheated rock rising very slowly
Magma
chemicals type
have Basaltic,
been detected extremely runny Andesitic, thicker
along the North American Coast
through the mantle. This causes Planning:
the Shape Very gentle slopes, very wide, Steep-sided and conical,
Managemen Immediate Response:
asthenosphere
t and the lithosphere to Early warning system sent layers
a of lava Volunteers andlayers of ash
the army dugand lava
for survivors
melt. The magma produced then rises message Explosivity Low a(VEI 0-4) Helicopters evacuated
to Tokyo residents High (VEIclimbers
4+) from Everest
through the weaknesses in the crust minute before the earthquake
Explanation Basaltic lava Camps
has less1 silica
+2, two at agas
and timethan andesitic
Strict seismic building codes International aid relief and rescue workers
and erupts at the earths surface meant the buildings in the area so it’s less viscous (more
were sent i.e. fluid)
search and rescue and medical
affected could withstand an The low viscosity staff of basaltic lava allows gas
Earthquakes: intense vibrations earthquake bubbles to escape
Temporary
which camps
makes setitupless
for eruptive.
the homeless
within the earths crust caused by High speed trains and factory Long-term response:
sudden plate movements assembly lines were stopped This lavaoften erupts from
Rebuilding longand
of homes cracks in the
transport
Immediate Response: earths surface and flows long distances before
infrastructure
Prediction: to use expertise to Government mobilised the self- cooling which create gentle
Restoration slopes
of ancient monuments
identify when and where a hazard will defence forces to assist in search Helped by International aid donations e.g. UK
The high viscosity (stickiness) of andesitic lava
occur, based on research and rescue - £50m from the government, £33m from
Aid organisations provided means the high concentration
public donations of gas bubbles can’t
Planning: to organise response temporary accommodation escape easily – therefore when andesitic magma
Many countries sent teams to reaches the surface its more likely to explode but
strategies to deal with a hazard,
assist
including funding and training Long-term response: when the vent becomes blocked with solidified
emergency services and educating Tsunami experts have been asked lava, the pressure builds until the next eruption
the public to assess the history of past
tsunamis, to better predict the
Preparation: to ensure high country’s future earthquake risk
standards of building design and
transport infrastructure (long term)
and to warn and evacuate the public if
a hazard is predicted (short term)
