ucla eps sci 1 final EXAM Questions With 100% Correct Answers 2024

ucla eps sci 1 final EXAM Questions With 100% Correct Answers 2024 define science - answerThe observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of phenomena. OR a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. define geology - answerThe scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of the earth. Give examples of how science can be useful - answerThey can prevent harmful false explanations ie when George Washington died from blood-letting when he just had a cold. They can have useful applications ie filtered water, smart phones, aviation. Distinguishbetween"basic"and"applied"science,and explain how the former can lead to the latter. - answerBasic science, such as understanding how cells work, is research aimed at understanding fundamental problems. Applied science, such as the medical field, is the application of basic scientific knowledge to solve practical problems. So there are applications in the medical field based on the understanding of how cells work. State different ways in which geology can be useful, and give examples. - answerGeology gives us an understanding of the Earth (and other planets) so it can help mitigate natural hazards (ie reinforced concrete in earthquake-prone areas) and unnatural hazards (ie solving the effects of a sewage leak into groundwater), it is key to finding and extracting useful resources (ie oil and important minerals for day-to-day use), and to dealing with the resulting environmental consequences (ie over-mining and pollution) Distinguish between a science, the thing being studied scientifically, and the people doing it. - answerscience is an enterprise (or pursuit, endeavor, etc.), which can investigate different things and the different things could be like earth (geology), life (biology), behavior/mind (psychology), etc. It's conducted by "scientists," but if it's a matter of the thing being studied then they're classified as like geologists, biologists, psychologists, etc Give examples of scientists doing good. - answerEdward Jenner coming up with the idea for vaccines, Jonas Salk creating the Polio vaccine, Rachel Carson writing Silent Spring--a conservation science book about the effects of ddt on egg shells of birds of prey Discuss how science considered morally bad can beprevented. - answerCan be prevented through government regulation ie the FDA and by funding "good" science programs ie NASA and NSF. Also, scientists can join associations like the World Medical Association (WMA) which declares ethical principles regrading human experimentation. Describe how human flaws can negatively impact the quality of the science that they do. - answerScientists can be biased or dishonest with their findings which can affect the data and make their findings untrustworthy. List the steps/components of the scientific method. - answerIt's a cycle of making observations, then thinking of questions, then forming a hypothesis and developing testable predictions. From there, you can gather data to test predictions which will either lead to developing general theories or altering the initial hypothesis leading back to developing testable predictions. Once you're at the stage of developing general theories, though, you can make more observations and the cycle continues. Describe how adherence to the scientific method ensures evidence-based explanations for phenomena. - answerIt ensures evidence-based explanations because part of the scientific method is literally gathering data to test the predictions and from that developing general theories. Discuss factors in good experimental design. - answerA control group (used to challenge previous scientific method; does not receive treatment), sufficient sample size (to get more reliable results), a representative sample(must represent the population of what's being studied), and it should be a reproducible experiment(so that it can be redone and more data can be gathered). Explain how the scientific method is applicable to historical sciences, using the Cretaceous- Paleogene extinction event as an example. - answerScientists observed a high amount of iridium in the Creataceous-Paleogene boundary which is rare in Earth's crust. This led to questions of why it's there, so it was hypothesized that an asteroid impact caused this. To test this, they needed more evidence and it was later found that there was shocked quartz at the boundary, suggesting an impact of some sort, and that the crater in the Yucatan peninsula was likely the site of impact. This supporting data helps develop the theory that the extinction event was caused by an asteroid impact. Define data, and distinguish between different types (quantitative vs. qualitative, and continuous vs. discrete vs. categorical). - answerData (singular datum) are individual units of information. Quantitative applies to numerical data, and qualitative applies to more descriptive data. Continuous data is like how if you're measuring something, there's an infinite amount of measurements between 1 and 2 cm. Discrete is like if you roll a dice, there will only be 6 possible outcomes, not an infinite amount. Categorical is like data that can be divided into groups ie race, sex, age, education level. Convert between different units of measure. - answeruse dimensional analysis I guess. I don't know how I should define this Explain how data can be analyzed, visualized, andinterpreted. - answerCan be analyzed through statistics. Can be visualized through graphs and plots. Can be interpreted to attempt to understand its implications. Give an example of how a graph/chart can be misleading, even if not technically inaccurate. - answerCan be misleading if the graph doesn't start at zero, it has a weirdly large or small scale, or there just isn't a connection between the two variables (ie drowning deaths and ice cream production) Explain the difference between compositional and mechanical layering. - answerCompositional layering has to do with the chemical properties so like the crust, mantle, outer core, and inner core each have a different chemical composition. Mechanical layering has to do with each layers' physical property so if it's solid, liquid, or that putty consistency. For both compositional and mechanical layering, list the layers of the Earth from the outside to the center, and briefly describe what distinguishes each layer from the others. - answerCompositional: -crust: mostly oxygen and silicon -mantle: mostly oxygen, magnesium, and silicon -outer core: iron, sulfur, oxygen, nickel -inner core: iron and nickel Mechanical: -lithosphere: rigid -asthenosphere: plastic/putty -mesosphere: solid -outer core: liquid -inner core: solid Define density, and use it to explain convection. - answerDensity is the amount of mass per unit volume so basically how compact something is. Convection can be explained by density because less dense material will rise because it's lighter and more dense material will sink because it's heavier. Heat escapes Earth through convection when hot matter from the mantle rises causing plates to form and diverge. Then where plates converge, a cooled plate is dragged under a neighboring plate causing the initial hot matter that is now cooled to sink, warm, and rise again. State the three types of plate boundaries, and the relative movement of the plates at each. - answerConvergent: two plates move towards each other Divergent: two plates move away from each other Transform: two plates move past each other Outline how a divergent plate boundary evolves over time. - answerAs the plates start to pull away from each other, a rift valley forms. After a long period of time, sea water begins to fill into this rift valley, and as time keeps going on eventually an ocean forms because the distance between the two continental crusts is so wide. Draw annotated diagrams of the three kinds of convergent plate boundaries, labelling: oceanic crust, continental crust, lithosphere, asthenosphere, volcanic arc, forearc, accretionary wedge, trench, zone of melting, & suture. - answer.just look up diagrams for this or look at the slide; i have to pay to upload an image lol Calculate the amount of time a transform fault takes to slip a given amount, given its slip rate. - answerdistance between LA and SF: about 500 km slip rate of San Andreas fault: about 20 mm/yr (1 km = 1000 m; 1 m = 1000 mm)Dodgers/Giants rivalry will be a cross-town one once again in....? 25,000,000 years (25 million years)(1 year1000mm1000m500km)/(20mm1m*1km) used dimensional analysis since we can't use a calculator on the midterm, though, I don't think this is vital lol Describe hotspots, and explain how they can potentially be used to determine absolute (rather than relative) plate motions. - answerHotspots are volcanic regions thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is unusually hot compared with the surrounding mantle. An example of this is the Hawaiian Island chain; since the island of Hawaii is an active volcano, it is the youngest and most newly formed, and since Kauai is the furthest away, and no longer an active volcano, it is the oldest. This supports the theory of plate tectonics because the plate itself has moved over the hotspot forming these islands, Kauai being the first and Hawaii being the most recent, and it shows the direction in which the plate moves (North-West). List different types of evidence used to constrain the compositional and mechanical layering of the Earth. - answerdirect observations of the crust, mantle that tectonics has brought to the surface, comparison to chondrite meteorites, high-pressure/temperature experiments, seismic shadow zones, Earth's magnetic field, seismic velocities and Earth's mass, volume, and moment of inertia State some early evidence for a dynamic Earth, pre- plate tectonic hypotheses that tried to explain them, and observations that invalidate these hypotheses. - answerearly observations: fossil record shows change over time hypotheses: Earth is expanding, Earth is shrinking -disproved with gps