Pathophysiology (WCU w/ Song) FINAL 2024

Pathophysiology (WCU w/ Song) FINAL 2024 Etiology The study of the causes or reasons for phenomena Pathogenesis idiopathic development or evolution of a disease unknown cause of disease Examples of idiopathic disease Iatrogenic Primary/essential hypertension or gene mutation Cause is the result of an unintended or unwanted medical treatment (medication, medical procedures, or surgery) Examples of Iatrogenic disease hypokalemia Risk factors Diuretics and dialysis will lead to patient loss of K+ resulting in Factors when present increases the likelihood of the disease Clinical Manifestations Signs Signs, symptoms, or syndrome of disease objective or observed manifestation of disease, something we can see. Eg. a bruise or cut Symptoms Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient. Eg. Headaches and pain Syndrome exacerbation Remission Set of signs and symptoms has not yet been determined a sudden increase in severity of disease, signs, or symptoms decrease in severity, signs, or symptoms; may indicate disease is cured Sensitivity condition Homeostasis probability that a test will be positive when applied to a person with a particular -A state of being in which are all systems are balances around a particular ideal "set Point" despite alteration in the body. -A state of equilibrium -Remains stable while being the same. Negative feed back loop Allostasis to sense and correct any deviation from the set point variable process by which the body reestablish or maintain homeostasis through physiological and behavioral change. -The ability to successfully adapt to challenges -Intricate regulatory process orchestrated by the brain Stressor -anything that throws the body out of allostatic balance General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) resistance and exhaustion alarm stage of GAS Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, -fight or flight response, provides a surge of energy and physical alterations to evade or confront danger. Alarm stage process (acute stress) (CRH) The hypothalamus secretes corticotropin releasing hormone CRH activates the sympathetic nervous system and then the adrenal medulla to secrete a catecholamine (norepinephrine and epinephrine). This allows the body to rapidly take action to flight or flight. Alarm stage process (chronic stress) the hypothalamus also secretes CRH to stimulate the anterior pituitary gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) ACTH causes the adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids (cortisol and aldosterone) The effects is terminated at the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Resistance stage the second stage of the general adaption syndrome, the body returns to homeostasis, its normal state Resistance stage process The sympathetic nervous system, the adrenal medulla, and the cortex are functioning at full force to mobilize resources to manage the stressor. Glucose, free fatty acid, amino acids are elevated. The resources are used for energy for growth repairs and return to a steady state. Allostatic state activity of various systems attempting to restore homeostasis exhaustation stage Occurs when the body no longer able to effect a return to homeostasis following prolonged exposure to noxious agent. Energy resources is depleted and death occurs. Allostatic overload Cost of body organs and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated