Psychology Themes and Variations, 5th Canadian Edition Wayne Weiten V4

Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01: The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1 Multiple Choice 1. What is the essential similarity between the structuralists and the functionalists? a. the individual’s need for introspection b. an emphasis on unconscious experience c. the study of the purpose of behaviour d. the focus on one’s conscious experience ANSWER: d 2. Who is considered the “father of psychology”? a. Sigmund Freud b. Edward Titchener c. Wilhelm Wundt d. John Watson ANSWER: c 3. If you believe that human consciousness could be broken down into parts, just like matter can be broken down into atoms, you would MOST likely be a proponent of which school of psychology? a. structuralism b. functionalism c. behaviourism d. psychoanalysis ANSWER: a 4. Anna wants to read Principles of Psychology by William James so that she can better understand the foundation of which of the following? a. voluntarism b. structuralism c. functionalism d. behaviourism ANSWER: c 5. In order to understand the school of structuralism, Ahmed should study the work of which psychologist? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Edward Titchener c. Sigmund Freud d. John B. Watson ANSWER: b 6. When discussing consciousness, structuralism is to functionalism as: a. stream is to mountain. b. mountain is to air. c. air is to particle. d. particle is to stream. ANSWER: d 7. Why did Titchener call his perspective structuralism? a. It focused on describing the structure of conscious experience. b. It focused on identifying the major brain structures. c. It focused on understanding the physiology of the mind. d. It focused on analyzing the elements of the nervous system. ANSWER: a 8. A participant seated in an otherwise dark room stares at a flickering candle and reports on her objective experiences, such as the visual experience of the candle flickering and the haptic sensation of warmth. Which of the following psychologists is most likely to be conducting this experiment? a. Freud, using psychoanalysis b. Wundt, using introspection Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01: The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2 c. James, using functionalism d. Titchener, using behaviourism ANSWER: b 9. Who founded behaviourism? a. Sigmund Freud b. William James c. John Watson d. Edward Titchener ANSWER: c 10. The cognitive perspective of psychology focuses on which of the following? a. the important role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think b. how overt behaviour is acquired and modified by environmental influences c. the diversity of human behaviour in different cultural settings and countries d. the motivation of people to grow psychologically, the influence of interpersonal relationships ANSWER: a 11. Compared with the structuralists, early behaviourists were much LESS apt to focus on the study of which of the following? a. smiling b. helping c. fighting d. thinking ANSWER: d 12. Abraham Maslow’s ideas could be viewed as MOST similar to those of which of the following? a. Sigmund Freud b. B. F. Skinner c. Carl Rogers d. Mary Whiton Calkins ANSWER: c 13. Lauren’s therapist frequently asks her questions about her dreams and early childhood memories. Her therapist is MOST likely to be which type of psychologist? a. humanistic b. cognitive c. psychoanalytic d. forensic ANSWER: c 14. Maslow is to humanistic psychology as: a. Wundt is to psychoanalysis. b. James is to introspection. c. Watson is to behaviourism. d. Titchener is to contemporary psychology. ANSWER: c 15. In her undergraduate research internship, Sina is using positive reinforcement to help her aging rats become more active. Sina’s strategy has been MOST predominantly influenced by the work of which of the following? a. B. F. Skinner b. John Watson c. Carl Rogers d. Ivan Pavlov ANSWER: a 16. Chloe’s psychology professor stated in class that “human nature is essentially positive, and people are naturally Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01: The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3 inclined to grow and change for the better; theories that presume the lack of control people have over their lives are wrong.” This statement MOST closely coincides with which of the following perspectives? a. psychoanalysis b. structuralism c. humanistic psychology d. cognitive psychology ANSWER: c 17. Which of the following is the study of mental processes and how they relate to the brain? a. cognitive neuroscience b. social neuroscience c. health psychology d. positive psychology ANSWER: a 18. Which field is currently the MOST popular specialty area for psychologists? a. industrial/organizational psychology b. cognitive psychology c. clinical psychology d. school psychology ANSWER: c 19. What is currently the MOST common focus of professional practice for psychologists? a. Clinical psychology b. Counselling psychology c. Industrial/organizational psychology d. School psychology ANSWER: a 20. A focus on the adaptive value of personality is of most relevance to which of the following perspectives? a. evolutionary perspective b. cross-cultural perspective c. psychodynamic perspective d. cognitive perspective ANSWER: a 21. Mia has recently moved back in with her mother and the pair are constantly arguing; neither Mia nor her mother are happy. Mia and her mother may find help by seeing which of the following professionals? a. counselling psychologist b. psychiatrist c. clinical psychologist d. forensic psychologist ANSWER: a 22. Rodrigo wants to study introversion and extraversion in graduate school. Rodrigo appears to have an interest in which type of psychology? a. personality psychology b. forensic psychology c. clinical psychology d. cognitive psychology ANSWER: a 23. Dr. Ehrle is studying a the sleep patterns of people taking three different antidepressants Which type of research is Dr. Ehrle conducting? a. cross-cultural research b. forensic research c. clinical research d. developmental research ANSWER: c 24. Dr. Appleton only pursues research that he feels will improve people’s happiness. Which type of psychology is Dr. Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01: The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4 Appleton’s approach aligned with? a. positive psychology b. cognitive psychology c. personality psychology d. clinical psychology ANSWER: a 25. Who founded the first psychology lab in Germany in December 1879? a. Edward Titchener b. Sigmund Freud c. William Wundt d. B. F. Skinner ANSWER: c 26. Dr. Abdukamir is interested in the subjective feelings and thoughts that people experience. What does Dr. Abdukamir MOST likely study? a. consciousness b. observable behaviour c. unconsciousness d. social behaviour ANSWER: a 27. Which of the following was studied by both the structuralists and the functionalists? a. introspection b. unconscious experience c. the purpose of behaviour d. conscious experience ANSWER: d 28. William James’s view of consciousness is MOST similar to which of the following? a. a flowing stream b. the parts of an atom c. an explanatory fiction d. the parts of a clock ANSWER: a 29. Reggie has been asked to summarize Wundt’s research interests in two words. What two words could he use? a. animal intelligence b. personality development c. social influence d. conscious activities ANSWER: d 30. Erica is participating in a debate in psychology class. She is arguing that it is pointless to study consciousness at discrete points in time. Erica has been tasked with arguing AGAINST the theories of which of the following people? a. Edward Titchener b. Sigmund Freud c. William Wundt d. B. F. Skinner ANSWER: a 31. Which of the following was a paradigm developed by a student of William Wundt? a. structuralism b. functionalism c. behaviourism d. psychoanalysis ANSWER: a 32. Who was the FIRST to argue that psychology should be an independent discipline? a. William Wundt b. William James c. Sigmund Freud d. Edward Titchener Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01: The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5 ANSWER: a 33. Maxim is viewing a copy of the first ever psychology journal. Who established the journal Maxim is looking at? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Edward Titchener c. Sigmund Freud d. John B. Watson ANSWER: a 34. What was the first “school” in psychology? a. structuralism b. functionalism c. behaviourism d. psychoanalysis ANSWER: a 35. The early psychological school called structuralism emphasized the study of which of the following? a. habits and adaptive behaviour b. neuroscience c. nature versus nurture d. the components of sensations and conscious experience ANSWER: d 36. Which school of thought in psychology was started by Edward B. Titchener (1867–1927)? a. psychoanalysis b. functionalism c. structuralism d. behaviourism ANSWER: c 37. The structuralist approach was both applauded and criticized for its emphasis on which of the following? a. the observation of behaviour b. introspection c. unconscious motivations d. multiculturalism ANSWER: b 38. Which research method did structuralists use to identify the basic elements of the human mind? a. psychoanalysis b. introspection c. behaviourism d. psychotherapy ANSWER: b 39. Abbie is concerned with the basic components of conscious experiences. What school of psychology does Abbie MOST likely support? a. structuralism b. behaviourism c. psychoanalysis d. functionalism ANSWER: a 40. Which of the following is a required component of introspection? a. metaphysical experiences b. self-skepticism about experience c. empiricism d. examining one’s own perception and thoughts Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01: The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6 ANSWER: d 41. Kariel is participating in an experiment where she has been asked to break down the different components of taste when biting into a piece of chocolate. The researcher is MOST likely a proponent of which of the following? a. structuralism b. functionalism c. behaviourism d. voluntarism ANSWER: a 42. Which research method was developed by Edward B. Titchener? a. neuroscience b. psychoanalysis c. introspection d. reinforcement ANSWER: c 43. Some researchers ask their subjects to describe elements of their experiences (e.g., sensations, images, feelings) while undergoing fMRI scans. What is this technique similar to? a. free association b. behaviourism c. introspection d. functionalism ANSWER: c 44. If Ping is trying to replicate an experiment conducted by a structuralist, what technique will she have to use? a. conditioning b. introspection c. psychoanalysis d. hypnosis ANSWER: b 45. Geoffrey is reading a description of the instructions given to a participant who is to use introspection to describe their conscious experience. The description Geoffrey is reading stems from the basic principles developed by which of the following psychologists? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. Edward Titchener c. Sigmund Freud d. John B. Watson ANSWER: b 46. The early school of psychology called functionalism was largely influenced by the ideas of which of the following psychologists? a. Sigmund Freud b. William James c. B. F. Skinner d. Edward Titchener ANSWER: b 47. Which school of psychology is most clearly concerned with the adaptive value of complex mental processes? a. structuralism b. behaviourism c. psychoanalysis d. functionalism ANSWER: d 48. Which psychologist was MOST interested in the impact of evolution on psychology? a. William James b. Wilhelm Wundt c. Edward Titchener d. Sigmund Freud Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01: The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7 ANSWER: a 49. Which psychologist coined the term “stream of consciousness”? a. Sigmund Freud b. William James c. William Wundt d. Edward Titchener ANSWER: b 50. Which school of psychology studies the purpose of mental processes in enabling us to adapt to our environment? a. psychoanalysis b. functionalism c. structuralism d. behaviourism ANSWER: b 51. William James’s theories about psychology were MOST influenced by the work of which of the following people? a. B. F. Skinner b. Plato c. Charles Darwin d. Rene Descartes ANSWER: c 52. Who wrote the textbook Principles of Psychology? a. Wilhelm Wundt b. John B. Watson c. Edward B. Titchener d. William James ANSWER: d 53. What did William James liken consciousness to? a. a jigsaw puzzle b. a stream c. a planet d. an iceberg ANSWER: b 54. What two academic disciplines are MOST closely associated with the emergence of psychology? a. physiology and philosophy b. philosophy and history c. history and chemistry d. chemistry and physiology ANSWER: a 55. Professor Wong is discussing the history of psychology in an introductory psychology class. She explains that the discipline of psychology is like a child whose parents were which two disciplines? a. phrenology and chemistry b. chemistry and philosophy c. philosophy and physiology d. physiology and phrenology ANSWER: c 56. Marina is planning a trip to visit the first-ever psychology lab. Where is Marina travelling to? a. Leipzig b. Stanford c. Boston d. Vienna ANSWER: a 57. In the early years of psychology, the GREATEST debate was between proponents of which two schools? a. functionalism and structuralism b. structuralism and psychoanalysis Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01: The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8 c. psychoanalysis and voluntarism d. voluntarism and functionalism ANSWER: a 58. William James believed that structuralism was flawed because it involved taking only brief snapshots of which of the following? a. consciousness b. history c. the unconscious d. pain ANSWER: a 59. Professor Stein is using particles as an analogy for the components of consciousness. What topic is Professor Stein MOST likely discussing in class? a. functionalists b. structuralists c. psychoanalysts d. behaviourists ANSWER: b 60. Proponents of functionalism criticized proponents of which school of early psychology for lacking objectivity? a. structuralism b. psychoanalysis c. physiology d. behaviourism ANSWER: a 61. Understanding why a fear of darkness may have contributed to the survival of our human ancestors is a topic MOST relevant to which perspective? a. behaviourist b. cognitive c. evolutionary d. psychodynamic ANSWER: c 62. Alfredo’s psychology professor explains to his class that behaviour and personality are influenced by conflicts that occur at an unconscious level. Alfredo’s professor’s beliefs most closely resemble those of which of the following? a. Carl Rogers b. Abraham Maslow c. Sigmund Freud d. B. F. Skinner ANSWER: c 63. Who founded psychoanalysis? a. B. F. Skinner b. Carl Rogers c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Sigmund Freud ANSWER: d 64. Behaviourism is characterized by which of the following? a. a focus upon observable behaviour b. a narrow focus upon consciousness and conscious experience c. a focus upon the importance of free will and psychological growth d. an emphasis upon the unconscious determinants of personality ANSWER: a 65. Who pioneered the early research demonstrating that an association between a neutral stimulus and an automatic Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01: The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9 behaviour could be learned? a. John B. Watson b. Ivan Pavlov c. B. F. Skinner d. Sigmund Freud ANSWER: b 66. Ivan Pavlov is best known for pioneering research related to which of the following? a. learning b. perception c. personality d. mental illness ANSWER: a 67. Which perspective stresses the importance of studying observable behaviours and ignores the mental processes involved in different tasks? a. behaviourism b. natural selection c. humanism d. cognitive psychology ANSWER: a 68. Which of the following is considered to be the “third force” in American psychology? a. humanistic psychology b. behaviourism c. sociocultural psychology d. psychoanalysis ANSWER: a 69. Who developed a theory of motivation that emphasizes psychological growth? a. Carl Rogers b. Margaret Floy Washburn c. Abraham Maslow d. John B. Watson ANSWER: c 70. What is the focus of the cognitive perspective of psychology? a. the important role of mental processes b. how overt behaviour is modified by environmental influences c. the diversity of human behaviour in different cultural settings d. the motivation of people to grow psychologically ANSWER: a 71. Which perspective examines mental processes such as thinking, memory, and language? a. evolutionary psychology b. behaviourism c. biological psychology d. cognitive psychology ANSWER: d 72. Which of the following does humanistic psychology regard as the MOST important influence in human behaviour? a. conscious choices b. external motivation c. free will d. implicit messages ANSWER: c 73. What was the purpose of Freud’s psychoanalytic approach to therapy? a. to identify one’s unconscious thoughts and bring them into one’s awareness Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01: The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10 b. to help patients repress their unconscious thoughts, fears, and anxieties c. to identify mental processes from recording observable behaviours d. to talk about sexual fantasies ANSWER: a 74. Which perspective of psychology led to the discovery that people from different parts of the world can have different psychological experiences? a. evolutionary b. cultural c. biological d. behavioural ANSWER: b 75. What did the humanistic psychology movement founded by Carl Rogers emphasize more than the work of Freud did? a. conscious experiences b. childhood experiences c. observable behaviour d. dream analysis ANSWER: a 76. Which perspective emphasizes the influence of the current environment on one’s potential for growth? a. Freudian psychology b. functionalism c. structuralism d. humanistic psychology ANSWER: d 77. According to Freud, what influences a person’s thoughts, feelings, and actions without the person’s awareness? a. the conscious mind b. the unconscious mind c. the overt behaviour of others d. the contents of short-term memory ANSWER: b 78. What were the behaviourists best known for studying? a. that which is observable b. that which is not observable c. processes that cannot be learned d. behaviours that cannot be measured ANSWER: a 79. Which of the following researchers was a pioneer in the field of neuroscience? a. Donald Hebb b. Ulric Neisser c. Carl Rogers d. Stanley Milgram ANSWER: a 80. In recent years psychologists have begun taking a more ______ perspective, considering how psychological phenomena may be experienced differently by people in different locales. a. behavioural b. cultural c. psychoanalytic d. cognitive ANSWER: b 81. Tim has been asked to write a paper on the history of the school of psychology called behaviourism. He will MOST likely include work by which of the following psychologists? a. Watson, Pavlov, and Freud b. Wundt, Skinner, and Pavlov Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01: The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 11 c. Pavlov, Freud, and Watson d. Pavlov, Watson, and Skinner ANSWER: d 82. In an essay she is writing, Rasheda defines behaviourism as the scientific study of which of the following areas? a. mental life b. observable behaviour c. mental events d. cognition ANSWER: b 83. The leader of a self-help group has asked you to recommend an approach to psychology that emphasizes personal growth and people’s need for love and acceptance. Which branch of psychology would you recommend for this group? a. behaviourism b. functionalism c. structuralism d. humanistic psychology ANSWER: d 84. Jamal is writing a paper on Donald Hebb. Which topic will his paper likely touch upon? a. cell assemblies b. self-actualization c. ethnocentrism d. consciousness ANSWER: a 85. Dr. Khan’s research focuses on identifying traits that are universal across cultures. Which of the following is Dr. Khan MOST likely to be? a. a neuroscientist b. an evolutionary psychologist c. a behaviourist d. a clinical psychologist ANSWER: b 86. Dr. Amadi is a cognitive psychologist. Which of the following topics is he MOST likely to be interested in? a. reinforcement b. memory c. personality d. mental health ANSWER: b 87. Dr. Reichart believes that a lot can be learned from dream analysis. Which of the following does Dr. Reichart MOST identify with? a. psychoanalysis b. behaviourism c. humanistic psychology d. cognitive psychology ANSWER: a 88. Professor Mukherjee is an evolutionary psychologist. Which of the following is she MOST likely to be interested in? a. adaptations b. dreams c. learning d. self-actualization ANSWER: a 89. Barrett admires Abraham Maslow. As a result, Barrett is MOST likely to identify himself as which of the following? a. a behaviourist b. a humanist c. a psychoanalyst d. a neuroscientist ANSWER: b Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01: The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 12 90. Dr. Lam studies cell assemblies. Which of the following is Dr. Lam MOST likely to be? a. a behaviourist b. a neuroscientist c. a psychoanalyst d. a humanist ANSWER: b 91. Who would have been most likely to say: “You behave the way you do because of unconscious reasons, not reasons in your consciousness”? a. B. F. Skinner b. Carl Rogers c. Wilhelm Wundt d. Sigmund Freud ANSWER: d 92. Jasmine is being asked in his psychotherapy sessions to discuss her early childhood experiences and dreams. Jasmine’s therapist has MOST likely been influenced by the ideas of which person? a. Abraham Maslow b. Carl Rogers c. Sigmund Freud d. William James ANSWER: c 93. Tess’s psychology professor stated in class that “The goal of psychology is to discover how behaviour is acquired and modified in response to environmental influences.” Which perspective does such a statement coincide with? a. psychoanalysis b. structuralism c. humanistic psychology d. behaviourism ANSWER: d 94. A group home for adolescents uses specific rewards and consequences to shape behaviour. Which branch of psychology is this approach based on? a. humanistic psychology b. functionalism c. behaviourism d. psychoanalysis ANSWER: c 95. Kai Fai begins seeing a therapist to cope with a number of stressful life events. The therapist does not focus on his childhood or on any learned behaviours, but rather she emphasizes the importance of Kai Fai’s need for love and acceptance. To which school of thought does this therapist belong? a. functionalism b. behaviourism c. psychoanalytic psychology d. humanistic psychology ANSWER: d 96. Skinner is to behaviourism as: a. Watson is to psychoanalysis. b. Maslow is to humanistic psychology. c. Freud is to behaviourism. d. Titchener is to contemporary psychology. ANSWER: b 97. Most psychological research published in journals is conducted by which type of psychologists? a. clinical psychologists b. counselling psychologists c. academic psychologists d. forensic psychologists Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01: The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 13 ANSWER: c 98. Which of the following describes a cognitive psychologist who teaches at a university? a. academic psychologist b. counselling psychologist c. clinical psychologist d. school psychologist ANSWER: a 99. Where do MOST PhD psychologists work? a. in hospitals b. in human service agencies c. in government d. in private practices ANSWER: d 100. The field of sport psychology is an example of which of the following? a. applied psychology b. clinical psychology c. counselling psychology d. academic psychology ANSWER: a 101. What is the main role of a clinical psychologist? a. to conduct psychotherapy b. to prescribe medications c. to give career guidance d. to provide social services ANSWER: a 102. Which professional MUST have a medical degree? a. a psychiatrist b. a clinical psychologist c. a counselling psychologist d. a social worker ANSWER: a 103. Which area of psychology focuses on human strengths, fulfillment, and creativity? a. forensic psychology b. clinical psychology c. positive psychology d. cognitive psychology ANSWER: c 104. Advances in technology have led to the development of new fields of psychology in the 21st century, including which of the following? a. cognitive neuroscience b. behaviourism c. social psychology d. functionalism ANSWER: a 105. A relatively new aspect of psychological research examines the effect of which of the following on psychological phenomena? a. biology b. culture c. reinforcement d. the unconscious ANSWER: b 106. What area of psychology specializes in the development of behavioural tests? Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01: The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 14 a. cognitive psychology b. psychometrics c. psychophysics d. social psychology ANSWER: b 107. Which subfield of psychology is primarily interested in understanding an individual’s consistency in personal behaviour across a variety of settings? a. personality psychology b. cognitive psychology c. psychometrics d. physiological psychology ANSWER: a 108. Which of the following is a common criticism of how evolutionary psychology presents theories? a. they are too rigid b. they are cross-cultural c. they are untestable d. they are overly clinical ANSWER: c 109. Which of the following is a new movement in psychology that emphasizes the study of happiness? a. cognitive psychology b. positive psychology c. clinical psychology d. health psychology ANSWER: b 110. Which approach to psychology may test to see if boys and girls learn to read in a similar way? a. cultural b. personality c. developmental d. forensic ANSWER: c 111. Alex and Chris are having communication problems in their relationship and would like to get help. What type of psychologist should they seek out? a. an educational psychologist b. a counselling psychologist c. a social psychologist d. a psychiatrist ANSWER: b 112. Dr. Wu has received approval for her research grant to study the effects of divorce on children aged 5 to 12 in terms of maturational milestones. Dr. Wu is most likely to be which type of psychologist? a. a counselling psychologist b. a social psychologist c. a clinical psychologist d. a developmental psychologist ANSWER: d 113. Professor Kovacs conducts research on the progressive changes in infants’ perceptual skills during the first year of life. Professor Kovacs is MOST likely to be which type of psychologist? a. developmental psychologist b. clinical psychologist c. personality psychologist d. social psychologist ANSWER: a 114. Most people who call themselves psychologists are in which subfield of psychology? a. counselling psychology b. cognitive psychology Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01: The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 15 c. school psychology d. clinical psychology ANSWER: d 115. A researcher who focuses on how behaviour and thinking differ in boys and girls in adolescence is MOST likely which of the following? a. behavioural psychologist b. behavioural geneticist c. cognitive psychologist d. developmental psychologist ANSWER: d 116. Peter is pursuing a career in the most popular field for PhD psychologists. What is Peter hoping to become? a. a private practitioner b. an academic c. a social worker d. a counselling psychologist ANSWER: a 117. Natalie and Ray are seeing Dr. Becker for marital issues. Neither one of them has any psychopathology, but they are interested in strengthening their relationship. Dr. Becker is most likely to be which type of psychologist? a. counselling psychologist b. social psychologist c. developmental psychologist d. clinical psychologist ANSWER: a 118. Hassan is a 24-year-old male presenting with auditory hallucinations, paranoid thoughts of persecution, and claims of “special powers.” Hassan suffers from schizophrenia and sees Dr. Rogers, who is which type of psychologist? a. social psychologist b. clinical psychologist c. applied psychologist d. health psychologist ANSWER: b 119. What type of psychologist is involved in work focused on helping people dealing with challenges, alleviate distress, and resolve crises? a. a counselling psychologist b. an industrial/organizational psychologist c. a school psychologist d. a neuropsychologist ANSWER: a 120. Carmen wants to help people with memory loss. What field of psychology is she most likely to study? a. learning b. developmental c. social d. cognitive ANSWER: d 121. Dr. Assam provides psychotherapy to people who suffer from excessive anxiety. Dr. Assam is MOST likely to be which type of psychologist? a. social psychologist b. developmental psychologist c. clinical psychologist d. cognitive psychologist ANSWER: c 122. Professor Singh uses fMRIs to study brain regions associated with memory. Professor Singh is MOST likely to be which type of professional? Name: Class: Date: Chapter 01: The Evolution of Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 16 a. cognitive neuroscientist b. social neuroscientist c. evolutionary psychologist d. environmental psychologist ANSWER: a 123. Which of the following is an environmental psychologist most likely to do? a. redesign an office to encourage communication between employees b. study how global warming is affecting the behaviour of chimpanzees in the wild c. help clients get in touch with nature d. develop ways to encourage recycling ANSWER: a 124. Mr. and Mrs. McKay are concerned that their daughter may be suffering from depression. To help diagnose and understand her condition better, they would benefit from making an appointment with which type of psychologist? a. biological psychologist b. clinical psychologist c. cognitive psychologist d. educational psychologist ANSWER: b 125. The administration of a large university has asked Dr. Gomez to design group interventions to aid in faculty and student communication skills. Dr. Gomez was MOST likely hired for this job because of his training in which area of psychology? a. social psychology b. counselling psychology c. industrial/organizational psychology d. rehabilitation psychology ANSWER: c 126. Professor Lepp conducts basic research to investigate whether a parent’s negative perceptions of their child’s personality can affect the child’s subsequent behaviour in groups of peers. Professor Lepp is most likely to be which type of psychologist? a. clinical psychologist b. social psychologist c. biological psychologist d. personality psychologist ANSWER: b 127. Dr. Hogg has been hired by a large company to assess job satisfaction and worker productivity. Dr. Prima is most likely to be which type of psychologist? a. social psychologist b. industrial/organizational psychologist c. clinical psychologist d. cognitive psychologist ANSWER: b Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 1 Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following is the term for a testable prediction? a. hypothesis b. theory c. variable d. statistic ANSWER: a 2. Which of the following is the variable that is measured by a researcher? a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. extraneous variable d. subject variable ANSWER: b 3. Which of the following is a term for a variable that is manipulated by the researcher? a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. extraneous variable d. subject variable ANSWER: a 4. What is the SECOND step of the scientific method? a. reviewing existing research b. forming a testable hypothesis c. developing a way to test a hypothesis d. analyzing the data ANSWER: b 5. Dr. Frampton is discussing evolution with his class. Evolution is an example of which of the following? a. a theory b. a hypothesis c. a prediction d. a correlation ANSWER: a 6. Meghan is conducting research for her honours thesis in psychology. What must Meghan do before she can have a participant run in her experiment? a. attain informed consent b. debrief the participant c. deceive the participant d. compensate the participant ANSWER: a 7. Professor Sultana is seeing how long it takes 12 rats to complete maze X after consuming small, medium, and large meals. In this experiment, what is the independent variable? a. the size of the meal b. the number of rats c. maze completion time d. maze X ANSWER: a 8. Dr. Jenner wants to know if a medication called Drug Q helps depression. He uses the Beck Depression Scale to measure depression in 12 patients with major depressive disorder before and after taking Drug Q for one month. What is the operational definition of depression in this experiment? a. a score on the Beck Depression Scale b. the amount of Drug Q taken by the patient c. the length of time that the patient takes Drug Q Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 2 d. the difference in the two Beck Depression Scale scores ANSWER: a 9. Which of the following involves an in-depth description of one individual for the purposes of research? a. case study b. survey c. correlation d. experiment ANSWER: a 10. Which of the following is conducted when a researcher collects data by watching participants go about an activity but does not interact with the participants? a. a survey b. naturalistic observation c. a correlational study d. an experiment ANSWER: b 11. A researcher who wants to determine how strongly two variables are associated with each other is MOST likely to conduct which of the following? a. naturalistic observation. b. correlational research. c. a case study. d. random assignment. ANSWER: b 12. Which of the following is crucial when conducting survey research? a. random assignment b. control groups c. a standard deviation d. random sampling ANSWER: d 13. Dr. Chen is researching the nature of memory loss among people with Alzheimer’s disease. She assesses the memory of 50 individuals from 10 different Alzheimer’s day centres across the country. In Dr. Chen’s research, what do the 50 individuals that she assesses represent? a. sample b. population c. distribution d. control group ANSWER: a 14. Dr. Henderson has just learned of an individual in her city who has an exceptional memory for personal events. What type of research is Dr. Henderson MOST likely to conduct involving this individual? a. a survey b. a case study c. an experiment d. correlational research ANSWER: b 15. Which of the following shows the strongest correlation? a. +.75 b. +.85 c. –.90 d. –.80 ANSWER: c 16. Dr. Parma found a correlation coefficient of –0.85 between amount of alcohol consumed and scores on a memory test. What does this correlation mean about increasing alcohol consumption in relation to test scores? Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 3 a. it increased test scores a great deal b. it decreased test scores a great deal c. it increased test scores but only a small amount d. it decreased test scores but only a small amount ANSWER: b 17. When conducting any experiment, a researcher must hold other factors constant while they do which of the following? a. manipulate the factors of interest b. test an equal number of males and females c. administer a survey d. sample all age groups ANSWER: a 18. When an experimental outcome is not likely to have occurred by chance the outcome is a. ethical b. valid c. statistically significant d. reliable ANSWER: c 19. Which of the following statistics is an average? a. mean b. median c. mode d. standard deviation ANSWER: a 20. Which of the following is manipulated by the experimenter in an experiment? a. the independent variable b. the dependent variable c. the extraneous variable d. the subject variable ANSWER: a 21. Dr. Agnew is studying how well Drug Q helps memory. She administers 0 mg, 10 mg, or 20 mg of Drug Q to 60 participants using random assignment and then assesses their recall for lists of words following a 10-minute delay. What is the dependent variable in this experiment? a. word recall b. the amount of Drug Q c. the 10-minute delay d. the number of participants ANSWER: a 22. Dr. Agnew is studying how well Drug Q helps memory. She administers 0 mg, 10 mg, or 20 mg of Drug Q to 60 participants using random assignment and then assesses their recall for lists of words following a 10-minute delay. What is the independent variable in this experiment? a. word recall b. the amount of Drug Q c. the 10-minute delay d. random assignment ANSWER: b 23. Dr. Agnew is studying how well Drug Q helps memory. She administers 0 mg, 10 mg, or 20 mg of Drug Q to 60 participants using random assignment and then assesses their recall for lists of words following a 10-minute delay. What aspect of this experiment provides experimental control? Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 4 a. random assignment b. the amount of Drug Q c. the 10-minute delay d. word recall ANSWER: a 24. A researcher collects IQ scores from a group of seven participants. The scores are 90, 100, 100, 100, 110, 120, and 130. What is the median IQ score for this group? a. 90 b. 100 c. 110 d. 120 ANSWER: b 25. What is the FIRST step taken in the scientific method? a. formulating a specific question that can be tested b. designing a study to collect data c. reporting the results d. analyzing data ANSWER: a 26. A hypothesis is a prediction that has which of the following characteristics? a. self-evident b. testable c. founded in behaviourism d. able to be replicated ANSWER: b 27. Which of the following describes a theory? a. a statement of absolute fact b. a tool for explaining behaviour and mental processes c. a statement that cannot be changed d. a conclusion focused on a narrow set of findings ANSWER: b 28. Which measure of central tendency is the score that falls exactly in the middle of all scores in the distribution? a. mean b. median c. mode d. variance ANSWER: b 29. Which measure of central tendency is MOST affected by an extreme score? a. mean b. median c. mode d. significance ANSWER: b 30. Nevaeh plans to measure happiness based on how frequently a person smiles or laughs. What is this measure of happiness called? a. operational definition b. hypothetical question c. conclusive statement d. independent variable ANSWER: a Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 5 31. Variability measures the amount that a score differs from the a. mean b. median c. mode d. standard deviation ANSWER: a 32. In order to conduct psychological research involving human participants in Canada, an institution MUST have which of the following? 32. In order to conduct psychological research involving human participants in Canada, an institution MUST have which of the following? a. a research ethics board b. a facility with laboratories c. a medical doctor on site d. a licence purchased from the government ANSWER: a 33. Before conducting research involving an adult human participant, the research must obtain which of the following from the participant? a. proof of identity b. informed consent c. compensation d. a medical waiver ANSWER: b 34. Which of the following aspects of an experiment would MOST concern an ethics committee at a university research facility? a. an experiment that uses virtual reality b. an experiment that employs deception c. an experiment that offers compensation to participants d. an experiment that gives feedback to the participant ANSWER: b 35. Psychologists create experiments intended to support or refute which of the following? a. a hypothesis b. a theory c. a random sample d. an operational definition ANSWER: b 36. Which of the following terms is used to mean a hunch in everyday conversation and is linked with observations in science? a. theory b. prediction c. method d. hypothesis ANSWER: a 37. What is the second step in conducting research? a. identifying the research question b. developing a testable hypothesis c. selecting a research method d. analyzing the data ANSWER: b 38. Explaining as much about the experiment as possible is essential before a research psychologist asks a participant for which of the following? a. their name b. informed consent Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 6 c. compensation d. their date of birth ANSWER: b 39. What is the third step in conducting psychological research? a. developing a research question b. developing a testable hypothesis c. selecting a research method d. analyzing the data ANSWER: c 40. What is the next step after a researcher has analyzed the results from an experiment? a. attempt to publish the research b. develop a testable hypothesis c. select a research method d. debrief the participants ANSWER: a 41. What is the term for a condition, event, or situation that is studied in an experiment? a. a variable b. a sample c. a hypothesis d. a control ANSWER: a 42. A large pharmaceutical company writes a research protocol based on its belief that the new medication called Drug Z may be useful in treating anxiety. The company predicts that Drug Z should lower symptoms of depression. What does this prediction represent? a. a control b. a result c. a method d. a hypothesis ANSWER: d 43. Xiang is manipulating the length of words and measuring participants’ recall of the words following a delay. What is the dependent variable in this experiment? a. the delay b. word recall c. word length d. the participants ANSWER: b 44. A large pharmaceutical company has developed a new medication that targets specific neurotransmitters known to be involved in depression. The company believes that this new medication may be useful for treating depression. What does this belief represent? a. a theory b. a prediction c. a method d. a hypothesis ANSWER: a 45. Ghazal is manipulating the length of words and measuring participants’ recall of the words following a delay. What is the independent variable in this experiment? a. the delay b. word length c. word recall d. the participants ANSWER: b 46. “Older children use longer sentences than younger children” is an example of which of the following? Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 7 a. a theory b. a hypothesis c. a control group d. an independent variable ANSWER: b 47. “Older children can hold more information in working memory because their frontal lobes are more developed than younger children’s frontal lobes” is an example of which of the following? a. a theory b. a hypothesis c. replication d. sampling bias ANSWER: a 48. Pavel is presenting participants with large and small shapes and measuring how long it takes for participants to identify each stimulus’ shape. In this experiment, what is the shape size? a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. sample measure d. control variable ANSWER: a 49. Andre believes that because men are more aggressive than women, men will be more likely than women to become angry when frustrated by a researcher in a laboratory setting. Andre’s prediction regarding aggression is an example of which of the following? a. a hypothesis b. the hindsight bias c. illusory correlation d. the false consensus effect ANSWER: a 50. Deanna is a doctoral student studying aggression in teenagers for her dissertation research. What would be the most appropriate and effective method for Deanna to study this topic? a. staging an aggression interaction b. observing teenagers hanging out around the school c. distributing a survey to teens asking about aggressive behaviour d. talking to parents about their children’s aggressive behaviour ANSWER: b 51. Madison is conducting a study on whether sleep deprivation increases stress levels. She will be manipulating levels of sleep by randomly assigning subjects to different conditions in which some will sleep fewer hours than others. In this experiment, sleep represents which of the following? a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. extraneous variable d. confounding variable ANSWER: b 52. Roberto is conducting a study on whether sleep deprivation increases stress levels. He will be observing and measuring levels of stress based on whether the subjects were assigned to deprived or non-deprived sleep conditions. In this experiment, what does the stress level represent? a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. confounding variable d. extraneous variable ANSWER: a 53. Research results showed that experimental Drug R had a minimal to modest effect in reducing the symptoms of Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 8 depression. Which of the following is the variable that is measuring the change in depressive symptoms? a. control condition b. independent variable c. experimental method d. dependent variable ANSWER: d 54. Drug G is currently under clinical investigation for the treatment of depressive symptoms. The hypothesis is that 10 mg of Drug G will reduce depressive symptoms by 50% as evidenced by the Beck Depression Inventory. What is the independent variable in this research? a. the Beck Depression Inventory b. 50% reduction in depressive symptoms c. 10 mg of Drug G d. depression ANSWER: c 55. Which of the following is a descriptive research method? a. random sampling b. naturalistic observation c. correlation d. functionalism ANSWER: b 56. Which research method is an observation technique where one person is studied in depth? a. case study b. experiment c. survey d. exploratory study ANSWER: a 57. Which type of research is vulnerable because participants may deliberately lie about their personal characteristics? a. survey research b. case study research c. naturalistic observation d. experimental research ANSWER: a 58. Which technique gathers self-reported attitudes or behaviours of people by questioning them randomly and representatively? a. case study b. experiment c. survey d. naturalistic observation ANSWER: c 59. Which of the following involves choosing a sample of the population in a way that gives each person an equal chance of participating? a. biased sample b. random sample c. optimal sample d. atypical sample ANSWER: b 60. Which of the following is used by many researchers when they are given the opportunity to study one person who has unique characteristics? a. experimentation b. case study method c. naturalistic observation d. survey method ANSWER: b Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 9 61. Market researchers contacted every 20th person who purchased a specific brand of lawnmower. Which technique were these researchers employing? a. naturalistic observation b. double-blind procedure c. random sampling d. replication ANSWER: c 62. Your professor decides to conduct a survey with your class about whether the workload is reasonable for your course. For his survey he decides to take all 100 students’ names and assigns them each a number in order to have 50 students randomly chosen by his computer program. Which of the following describes your professor’s survey sample? a. representative and biased b. representative and atypical c. representative and optimal d. representative and random ANSWER: d 63. University students at 20 campuses around the country were polled to determine how many students own cars. What does this group of students represent? a. a population b. a sample c. a distribution d. a deviation ANSWER: b 64. A psychologist wants to conduct a study with findings that are representative of the population of interest. Which research method runs the greatest risk that its findings may be unrepresentative of what is generally true? a. naturalistic observation b. a case study c. experimentation d. a survey ANSWER: b 65. What is indicated by a correlation coefficient? a. the differences between variables b. the similarities between variables c. the strength or weakness of the relationship between two factors d. the cause-and-effect relationship between two factors. ANSWER: c 66. You are reading a psychology article and notice that the researchers find a perfect correlation between two variables. What is the number that you have just seen? a. +.10 b. 0.0 c. +1.0 d. –.10 ANSWER: c 67. You have discovered in your recent research study that as self-reported levels of anxiety decrease, binge-eating behaviour significantly decreases. Which of the following have you just revealed? a. a positive correlation b. a negative correlation c. a cause of binge eating d. a cause of anxiety ANSWER: a 68. As the age of a male professor increases, the amount of hair on his head decreases. Which of the following does this exemplify? Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 10 a. a causal relationship b. a correlation c. a case method d. a random sample ANSWER: b 69. Which of the following occurs when a research participant changes their behaviour because they know that they are being observed? a. the Hawthorne effect b. sampling bias c. a placebo effect d. a Type II error ANSWER: a 70. Having multiple observers and concealing observation can reduce the likelihood that participants will display which of the following? a. a Type II error b. the Hawthorne effect c. sampling bias d. a placebo effect ANSWER: b 71. Which type of research does not try to explain how or why something happened? a. descriptive research b. experimental research c. correlational research d. subjective research ANSWER: a 72. What would a researcher who wants to establish a cause and effect relationship between variables need to conduct? a. a case study b. a survey c. correlational research d. experimental research ANSWER: d 73. Nevaeh plans to measure happiness based on how frequently a person smiles or laughs. What does the frequency of smiles represent in Nevaeh’s research? a. operational definition of happiness b. hypothetical question regarding happiness c. conclusive statement about happiness d. independent variable manipulating happiness ANSWER: a 74. Professor Carter observes and records the behaviour of grocery shoppers as they select items to purchase. Which type of research is Professor Carter employing? a. survey research b. a case study c. experimentation d. naturalistic observation ANSWER: d 75. A researcher is interested in determining if people living in different countries spend the same amount of time smiling. He chooses 50 participants in nine different countries to be included in her study and has research assistants record each time each participant smiles during a fixed period of time. What type of research design is he using? a. naturalistic observation b. case study c. survey research d. correlation Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 11 ANSWER: a 76. Dr. Panasiuk decided to publish a paper based on a patient who presented with a complicated case of schizophrenia. Her hope, besides getting published, is to share universal principles with the psychology community. This is an example of which of the following? a. survey b. case study c. exploratory study d. experiment ANSWER: b 77. You are fascinated by an eccentric relative, who is well-known for having taken in numerous stray animals. You are also interested in studying how to get more people to adopt pets from the animal shelter. Which of the following would you conduct in order to study this type of altruistic behaviour? a. case study b. experiment c. correlational study d. survey ANSWER: a 78. Dr. Roberts wants to see how children usually interact on the playground. Which of the following should she probably use? a. survey b. experiment c. operational definition d. naturalistic observation ANSWER: d 79. Which of the following is an example of a random sampling procedure used to pick 100 participants for a research project? a. Design a Web site that has an online version of a questionnaire and include the first 100 people who complete the survey. b. Send questionnaires to the entire population of interest and include responses from the first 100 people who return the questionnaire. c. Put an ad in the newspaper and pick the first 100 people who respond. d. Choose participants from the entire population of interest by putting all the names in a bowl, picking names one at a time until you reach 100, and involving as many of those 100 as possible. ANSWER: d 80. Terrence and Sanjay are studying how music affects attitudes. Terrence recruits 45 students to participate in his experiment, while Sanjay tests 12 students. Who has a more reliable study? a. Sanjay, because a small sample is more representative of the population. b. Terrence, because a larger sample better reflects the population of interest. c. Neither, because they are using a sample of students, which does not generalize to anyone else. d. Both Terrence and Sanjay, because they are doing the same experiment. ANSWER: b 81. Dr. Sterling, a leading researcher in Parkinson’s disease, is studying the effects of a new drug on 20 Parkinson’s patients in the hospital where he works. What is the population of his study? a. the 20 patients in Dr. Sterling’s study b. all Parkinson’s patients in Dr. Sterling’s hospital c. everyone with Parkinson’s disease Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 12 d. the population of Canada ANSWER: a 82. A university is conducting research on ways to improve study habits and help students with lower GPAs. It sends out a questionnaire to undergraduate students asking how they study and what they feel is the most productive way to study. What data collection method is the university using? a. observational b. descriptive c. survey d. test ANSWER: c 83. Which of the following is indicated by a negative correlation between people’s physical health and their marital happiness? a. high levels of marital happiness are associated with better health b. marital unhappiness promotes poor health c. higher levels of marital happiness are associated with worse health d. marital happiness has no causal influence on physical health ANSWER: c 84. Which of the following is indicated by a correlation of +.70 between children’s physical height and popularity among their peers? a. higher levels of popularity among peers are associated with greater physical height in children b. being unusually short or tall has a negative impact on children’s popularity c. there is no statistically significant relationship between children’s height and their popularity d. children’s height causes negative popularity ANSWER: a 85. Josie is conducting a study on whether sleep deprivation increases stress levels. She will be manipulating levels of sleep by randomly assigning subjects to different conditions in which some will sleep fewer hours than others. In this experiment, sleep is which type of variable? a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. extraneous variable d. confounding variable ANSWER: b 86. Maurice is conducting a study on whether sleep deprivation increases stress levels. He will be observing and measuring levels of stress based on whether the subjects were assigned to deprived or non-deprived sleep conditions. In this experiment, the stress level is which type of variable? a. independent variable b. confounding variable c. dependent variable d. extraneous variable ANSWER: c 87. Professor Kwok is interested in studying how students collaborate while completing group assignments. She records their activity using a hidden video camera. What is the MOST likely reason why Professor Kwok wants to keep the recording a secret? a. She is concerned about Type II errors. b. She is concerned about the Hawthorne effect. c. She is concerned about social loafing. Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 13 d. She is concerned about debriefing the students. ANSWER: b 88. In a research study looking at whether people who wear glasses get better grades in school, the researchers asked 500 university students to allow them to access their university grades and also asked each participant if they wore glasses. The subsequent findings revealed a correlation coefficient indicating that the two factors seldom occur together. Which of the following was most likely the number the researchers found? a. +.85 b. –.65 c. –.95 d. +.15 ANSWER: d 89. Deepak is completing a survey about texting and driving. Although he occasionally texts when he is driving, he lies on the survey and says that he never does. Which of the following is Deepak displaying? a. participant bias b. a Type II error c. a placebo effect d. a negative correlation ANSWER: a 90. Professor Drewe has reviewed research showing that students benefit from practice tests. Professor Drewe wants to know what causes this effect. What research method should Professor Drewe use? a. survey b. correlational study c. experiment d. case study ANSWER: c 91. When conducting an experiment, researchers must make sure to do which of the following in addition to manipulating the factors of interest? a. include males and females in their samples b. hold constant or control other factors c. vary the time of day the participants are tested d. include case study examples in their samples ANSWER: b 92. In science, the easiest way to isolate cause and effect is to conduct which of the following? a. a case study b. a correlation study c. a survey d. an experiment ANSWER: d 93. In an experiment, which group acts as a baseline against which changes in the experimental group can be compared? a. control group b. focus group c. placebo group d. variable group ANSWER: a 94. What are the two features of every true experiment? a. random assignment and experimental control b. experimental control and random sampling c. random sampling and placebo groups Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 14 d. placebo groups and random assignment ANSWER: a 95. In an experiment, which group is exposed to the independent variable? a. the control group b. the experimental group c. the placebo group d. the pretest group ANSWER: b 96. In an experiment, which of the following is used to divide the participants into groups? a. representative sampling b. random assignment c. self-selection d. descriptive statistics ANSWER: b 97. In an experiment, which variable is the one that is measured? a. dependent variable b. independent variable c. placebo variable d. extraneous variable ANSWER: a 98. Which of the following is an experiment where neither the researcher nor the participant knows whether the participant is in the control or the experimental group? a. a placebo procedure b. a single-blind procedure c. a double-blind procedure d. a multivariate procedure ANSWER: c 99. Which of the following is a statistic that indicates the variance within a set of scores in an experiment? a. a mean b. a standard deviation c. a mode d. a correlation coefficient ANSWER: b 100. What is the term for the arithmetic average of a set of scores? a. mean b. standard deviation c. correlation d. medium ANSWER: a 101. What is the measure of central tendency that reflects the score that falls in the centre of a distribution of scores? a. mean b. median c. mode d. standard deviation ANSWER: b 102. Which of the following is the most frequent score observed in a set of data? a. mean b. median c. mode d. standard deviation ANSWER: c 103. Which of the following is the experimenter using when a participant has equal chance of being in the experimental Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 15 group or the control group? a. random sampling b. random assignment c. a double-blind procedure d. a single-blind procedure ANSWER: b 104. What is the term for a variable other than the independent variable that is likely to affect the dependent variable? a. extraneous variable b. correlation coefficient c. placebo d. median ANSWER: a 105. In which type of study does a participant always receive all levels of the independent variable? a. a between-subjects design b. a within-subjects design c. a double-blind procedure d. a single-blind procedure ANSWER: b 106. In a between-subjects experiment, each participant receives only one level of which of the following? a. independent variable b. dependent variable c. placebo d. random sample ANSWER: b 107. Which of the following is a common criticism of experimental research? a. it is artificial b. it lacks control c. you cannot determine cause and effect d. random assignment is impossible ANSWER: a 108. What kind of research design is being used when the researcher knows what group the participant is in but the participant does not? a. a double-blind design b. a single-blind design c. a within-subjects design d. a placebo design ANSWER: b 109. Which of the following should Dr. Yoshimura conduct if she wants to determine whether a certain antidepressant causes drowsiness? a. a case study b. a correlational study c. a survey d. an experiment ANSWER: d 110. Tabitha just participated in an experiment during which she was not exposed to the independent variable. Which group must Tabitha have been part of? a. control group b. focus group c. placebo group d. experimental group ANSWER: a 111. Dr. Gunnarson is attempting to publish data from an experiment. The reviewers will check to ensure that his methods included which of the following? Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: The Research Enterprise in Psychology Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero. Page 16 a. random assignment and experimental control b. experimental control and a placebo group c. a placebo group and a within-subjects design d. a within-subjects design and random assignment ANSWER: a 112. Patricia just participated in an experiment examining the effect of alcohol on response time in a computer game. After the experiment was over, the experimenter told Patricia that she had been served alcohol. Which group was Patricia part of? a. the control group b. the experimental group c. the placebo group d. the pretest group ANSWER: b 113. Professor Bardo is conducting an experiment with an experimental group and a control group. What method should he use to determine who is put in each group? a. representative sampling b. random assignment c. self-selection d. descriptive statistics ANSWER: b 114. Professor Patel is studying the effect of practice tests on learning. She gives all participants a list of facts to learn. Half the participants read and re-read the facts while the other half read the facts and then are given practice tests. After a certain amount of time, all participants are given the same quiz. In this experiment, what type of variable is the quiz score? a. the dependent variable b. the independent variable c. the placebo variable d. an extraneous variable ANSWER: a 115. Dr. Edwards is studying whether a new drug helps people with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). In his experiment neither he nor his participants know who has been given the drug and who has been given the placebo. What kind of experiment is Dr. Edwards conducting? a. a correlational study b. a double-blind procedure c. a single-blind procedure d. a within-subjects design ANSWER: b 116. Professor Takopolous is concerned about the variance in the scores from one of his experiments. W