Ultimate CPDT-KA study guide 2024

operant conditioning - learning process through which the strength of a behavior is modified by reinforcement or punishment. classical conditioning - a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone. positive reinforcement - Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food or a toy. positive reinforcer - any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response negative reinforcement - the removal of an adverse stimulus which is 'rewarding' to the animal or person. It strengthens behavior because it stops or removes an unpleasant experience.' negative punishment - a certain reinforcing stimulus is removed after a specific undesired behavior is exhibited, resulting in the behavior happening less often in the future. positive punishment - the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring Aversive - Any circumstance or event that causes pain, fear, or emotional discomfort. Tending to avoid or causing avoidance of a noxious or punishing stimulus. Back-chaining - The transfer of control of a learned response from one cue to another cue that consistently occurs prior to the first cue. Captured behavior - Reinforcing an animal in the act of performing the complete behavior. Chaining - A series of individual behaviors in which an animal is trained to perform in sequence. Each behavior provides the cue for the next behavior, and only the last behavior in the chain results in delivery of a primary reinforcer. conditioned reinforcer - a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer counter conditioning - a behavior therapy procedure that conditions new responses to stimuli that trigger unwanted behaviors; based on classical conditioning Desensitization - The process of increasing an animal's tolerance to a particular stimulus by gradually increasing the presence of the stimulus. Extinction - The process of decreasing behavior by permanently removing the maintaining reinforcer. When operant behavior that has been previously reinforced no longer produces reinforcing consequences the behavior gradually stops occurring. Fading - To slowly remove all prompts so that the cue (SD) alone leads to the behavior. fixed duration - A schedule of reinforcement, which sets the rule that the target behavior must be exhibited continuously for a specified period of time, at which point reinforcement is delivered. fixed interval - A schedule of reinforcement, which sets the rule that reinforcement is delivered immediately following the first response exhibited after a specific interval of time has passed. fixed ratio - A schedule of reinforcement, which sets the rule that reinforcement is delivered following the final response after a fixed number of responses have occurred. Flooding - A form of behavior therapy, based on the principles of respondent extinction, in which a subject is exposed, usually at full intensity, to an aversive stimulus, where escape behavior is prevented, until escape responding ceases. Habituation - The diminishing of an instinctive response to a frequently repeated stimulus. Therefore people or animals become used to something, so that they no longer find it unpleasant or think it is a threat intermittent reinforcement - Reinforcement is given only part of the time a subject gives the desired response. interval reinforcement - It is a schedule of reinforcement where the first response is rewarded only after a specified amount of time has elapsed. Latency - the time between the cue and the beginning of the pet's response, the behavior. neutral stimulus - A stimulus that does not evoke or elicit the behavior in question. Premack Principle - A principle that states that making the opportunity to engage in a highprobability behavior contingent on the occurrence of a low-frequency behavior will function as reinforcement for the low-frequency behavior. antecedent - Any stimulus present in the environment before the behavior occurs ABC of behavior - Antecedents, Behavior and Consequences. extinction burst - The phenomena of behavior temporarily or briefly getting worse not better when a previously rewarded behavior is not rewarded