ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certification Test Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2024 (VERIIFED)

ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certification Test Questions and Answers Latest Updated 2024 (VERIIFED) Foundations to Set the Stage Focusing on Cellular Structure and Function The Normal Cell Cycle -Answer -The cell cycle refers to the ordered seres of processes of DNA replication and mitosis, or cell division -Cell nucleus regulates these processes by gathering and processing complexes molecular information Interphase and Mitotic Phase -AnswerCell division produces two identical cells through these two major phases During interphase: -AnswerCell grows and DNA is replicated through the following three steps: 1: First growth phase (G1 or first gap) 2: Synthesis phase (S phase) 3:Mitotic Phse (M phase) First Growth Phase (G1 or first gap) -Answer -cells increase in size -reproduce RNA -"quality assurance" test that the cell will be ready to synthesis DNA ONS/ONCC Chemotherapy Immunotherapy Certification Test Questions and Answers Rated A+ / Latest Updated 2024 -Length of time is variable, can be from hours to days Synthesis Phase (S phase) -Answer-DNA replicates -Results in the formation of identical pairs of DNA (chromatids) -which are attached a t the centromere -lasts 2-10 hours Mitotic Phase (M phase) -Answer-Replicated chromosomes are aligned, separated, and move into 2 new, identical daughter cells -takes about 30-60 minutes Major points of cell regulation are entry and exit from -Answer-G1 checkpoint -S Phase -G2 checkpoint -M phase Restriction Point -Answer -The transition from the resting phase into an actively dividing phase (G0-G1) is a point where cellular transformation can occur -During this time, cells pass through a transition phase known as a restriction point -Extracellular growth factors trigger reentry into G1, and GF are required to send the cells past the restriction point, or the point of no return G0 Phase (resting phase) -Answer -After mitosis, cells may enter back into the G1 phase or go into a resting phase, known as G0 -Most cells in the human body reside in G0 -Exceptions to this are those that are (Resting in G0 phase) -Answer -Exceptions to this are those that are metabollically active, such as -granulocytes -and the epithelium of the GI tract Cell Cycling Time -AnswerAmount of time from mitosis to mitosis Cell cycle video and image -Answer w_the_cell_cycle_ Check points in the Cell Cycle: Keeping it All Under Control -Answer-The cell cycle is carefully controlled through a series of checkpoints -Variation in duplication or distribution of chromosomes during cell division can alter the genetic information passed on to daughter cells, leading to cellular dysfunction and disease, such as cancer -These checkpoints monitor for DNA integrity and control progression through mitosis Progression through the cell cycle is controlled through two proteins: -Answer 1. cyclines (D, E, A, B) 2. Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) -Cyclin-CDK complex allows the cell to progress through each phase of the cell cycle Locations of proteins Cyclins (D, E, A, B) and CDKs -Answer-(G0-G1) : Cyclin D and CDK 4/6 -Early S: Cyclin E and CDK 1/2 -Late S: Cyclin A and CDK 1/2 -G2: CDK 1/2 and cyclin A -Before M: CDK 1 and Cyclin B Inhibitory proteins -Answer-prevent progression of the cycle when DNA damage is detected -An example of an inhibitory protein is p53 (AKA TP53) DNA Damage Checkpoints -Answer-If DNA damage is present, cells are programmed to stop dividing or undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) -The retinoblastoma protein (Rb), p53, and p21 are some of the most well-understood inhibitory proteins (IP) Inhibitory proteins p53 -Answer -Levels of this IP regulate several important target genes -Will increase when DNA damage is present -Protects against inappropriate signal proliferation -sometimes called the "suicide gene" M Phase Checkpoints -AnswerWhen the cells prepare to divide, the chromosomes line up in the mitotic spindle. If the chromosomes are not properly aligned, division is not allowed to continue Immunity -Answer Cells of the Immune System -Answer Pluripotent Stem Cell -Answer-The cells of the immune system are created in the bome marrow from what is know as a ___ -A stem cell that can differentiate into any cell type except for extraembryotic tissue, does not yet have a function Myeolid Precursor Cells -Answer Mature into: -RBCS -Plts -WBCs (Granulocytes) Lymphoid Precursor Cells -AnswerMature into: -Specialized WBCs called lymphocytes (Agranulocytes) EMAIL ME: EMAIL ME: Lines of Defense: The Immune System's Response to Attack -Answer Consists of 2 types of immunity: 1: Innate 2: Adaptive Innate Immunity -Answer -First line of defense against a pathogen -Does not retain memory of the entity -Involves the following: (skin, mucous membranes, and normal flora of the skin and gut) (Cellular components such as phagocytes, natural killer cells, granulocytes, and macrophages) 1. Phagocytes 2. Natural Killer Cells 3. Granulocytes 4. Macrophages -Answer1.Cells that engulf and destroy invader 2. Cells that sense receptors on self and non-self to determine if they should kill or not 3. Type of WBC that have granules (Neutrophils Eosinophils - parasites Basophils - release histamine to stimulate immune response) 4. Large phagocytic cells stimulated by infection Adaptive Immunity -Answer-Stimulated if innate immunity is insufficient EMAIL ME: -leads to immune system memory -Humoral immunity -Cell-mediated immunity -Regulatory T-cells Humoral Immunity -Answer-B-Cells -Memory B-Cells -Plasma act to produce immunoglobulins (Igs) or antibodies B-Cell -Answer-each one is programmed to make one specific antibody -Can recognize antigens whether they are freely circulating in the blood or attached to surface of a microbe -When dividing, can become plasma cells which will then begin secreting antibodies that are unique to that antigen Plasma Cells -Answer-some plasma cells will undergo apoptosis -Some will go to the BM where they will continue to secrete antibodies sometimes for years Cell-Mediated Immunity -Answer Depends upon cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells and their cyokinds -more effective against antigens within cells EMAIL ME: EMAIL ME: Regulatory T-cells AKA suppressor T-Cells -Answerregulate the immune response to prevent autoimmune reactions and limit inflammatory responses T-Cell -Answer-Can only recognize antigens when they are presented to them by "presenting cells" -Recognize phagocytized fragments of an antigen that are put on the surface of antigenpresenting cells Helper T-Cells (CD4+) -Answer-help other T-Cells by secreting chemicals -Help B Cells to respond -rapidly divide, in an effort to stay ahead of the antigen dividsion -some will turn into effector cells, which secrete different kinds of cytokines -respond similarly to B-Cells Cytotoxic T-Cells (CD8+) -Answer -Directly kill cells for which they are activated to kill -rapidly divide, become mature cells, and start killing antigens Cytokines -Answer-Secreted by lymphocytes -Tasked with eliminating the antigen -Multifunctional subsances having proinflammatory, anti-inflammatory, and regulatory functions in the immune system Cytokines Include.. -Answer -Interferons (IFNs) -Tumor necrosis factors -Transforming GFs -Interleukins (IL -1, -2, -3, -4, -6, -8, -10, and -15) -These cytokines regulate antibody production and the functions of B and T cells as well as interact with antigen-presenting cells and NKCs Benign Tumors -Answer -encapsulated and grow in an orderly manner with smooth edges -Do not invade neighboring tissue -DO not metastasize to distant sites -the cells well differentiated in that they look like the parent cell Characteristics of Cancer Cells -Answer -Malignant tumors are not encapsulated -Cell structure is different from parent tissue (no as well differentiated)