L2- Classical conditioning
Second-order conditioning
= a CS1 that has previously been conditioned is now used to condition another CS2
Temporal order + contiguity
Contiguity= the temporal closeness of the US + CS
The interstimulus interval (ISI) between US + CS can be:
- Positive (CS before US= forward conditioning)
- Negative (US before CS= backward conditioning)
- Zero (US + CS at the same time= simultaneous conditioning)
Generally- forward conditioning proves most effective
The optimal ISI depends on response, species + task- typically it varies between tens of
second + several minutes
Contiguity VS contingency
Pavlov= contiguity is essential for classical conditioning
Rescorla= contingency is important (CS has to be a reliable predictor of what follows)
Importance of predictability (contingency)
Conditioned phobias= knowing when to expect pain reduces anxiety + NOT knowing
when to expect pain increases anxiety
Rescorla
Rats were presented a 2 minute tone (CS) periodically while pressing a bar
A shock (US) could occur BOTH during the tone-on intervals + tone-off intervals= this
would lead to a reduction in bar pressing (UR)
Probability of a shock was greater in the tone-on intervals= an excitatory conditioning to
the tone (response rate reduced in the tone-on intervals than tone-off)
Strength of conditioning decreased with increasing probability of a shock during the
tone-off intervals
Conditioned inhibition
Conditioned inhibition= a type of conditioning where the CS becomes associated with
the absence of US
Conditioned inhibition effects typically are demonstrated using two CSs:
Second-order conditioning
= a CS1 that has previously been conditioned is now used to condition another CS2
Temporal order + contiguity
Contiguity= the temporal closeness of the US + CS
The interstimulus interval (ISI) between US + CS can be:
- Positive (CS before US= forward conditioning)
- Negative (US before CS= backward conditioning)
- Zero (US + CS at the same time= simultaneous conditioning)
Generally- forward conditioning proves most effective
The optimal ISI depends on response, species + task- typically it varies between tens of
second + several minutes
Contiguity VS contingency
Pavlov= contiguity is essential for classical conditioning
Rescorla= contingency is important (CS has to be a reliable predictor of what follows)
Importance of predictability (contingency)
Conditioned phobias= knowing when to expect pain reduces anxiety + NOT knowing
when to expect pain increases anxiety
Rescorla
Rats were presented a 2 minute tone (CS) periodically while pressing a bar
A shock (US) could occur BOTH during the tone-on intervals + tone-off intervals= this
would lead to a reduction in bar pressing (UR)
Probability of a shock was greater in the tone-on intervals= an excitatory conditioning to
the tone (response rate reduced in the tone-on intervals than tone-off)
Strength of conditioning decreased with increasing probability of a shock during the
tone-off intervals
Conditioned inhibition
Conditioned inhibition= a type of conditioning where the CS becomes associated with
the absence of US
Conditioned inhibition effects typically are demonstrated using two CSs:
