TESOL Practice Test Questions and Correct Answers

TESOL Practice Test Questions and Correct Answers Behaviorist Model - Answer-BF Skinner - individuals learn language as a direct response to stimuli. Considered to be overly simplistic Nativist Model - Answer-Noam Chomsky - individuals are born with a universal wired into their brains Zone of Proximal Development - Answer-Vygotsky - the difference between what a person knows and what he could know if given assistance from someone else -- scaffolding, modeling, cues, encouragement. Socio-cultural theory of language learning BICS - Answer-Jim Cummins - Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills - basic expressions and linguistic formations that an individual would need to conduct himself in normal situations CALP - Answer-Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency - ability to read, write, listen, speak on grade level - takes 5 to 7 years - ability to participate in formal and grammatically correct discourse CUP - Common Underlying Proficiency - incorporation of ideas and skills learned in their first language Learning types - Answer-Verbal/lingustic Logical/mathematical kinesthetic Visual/spatial Musical Interpersonal Intrapersonal naturalistic Language variation - Answer-Languages are constantly evolving to meet the needs of its speakers. Dialect - Answer-a version of a language that is used by a particular group of people -- idiosyncratic vocabulary Register - Answer-the form of a language that is appropriate to a given situation - classroom form v. informal form. Comprehensive language instruction should incorporate opportunities for both formal and informal commuication Slang - Answer-any non-standard form of language -- known for being ephemeral (does not last long) Phonics - Answer-method for teaching reading and writing of the English language by developing learners' phonemic awareness Development of Phonics Knowledge - Answer-1) Logographic phase - sight words - teachers will label classroom 2) Analytic Phase - students pay closer attention to the components of words - rhyming words, teachers will create word families 3) Orthographic Phase - students have acquired almost all the tools required to sound out familiar and unfamiliar words - this coincides with the development of large sight vocabulary Spelling development - Answer-1) Pre-phonetic to phonetic 2) Transitional Stage 3) Conventional stage - must be a fluent reader with excellent comprehension skills Phonology - Answer-The way a language sounds. Phoneme = the smallest distinguishable unit of sound that can hold a meaning in language Phonemic Awareness - Answer-the most basic prerequisite for literacy. The understanding that words are made up of individual speech sounds. Phonemic Awareness v. Phonics - Answer-Phonics requires the presence of print. Phonics is the direct correspondence between letters and sounds. Phonemic Awareness precedes phonics instruction. Phonics depends on the alphabetic principle. All kindergartners must develop phonemic awareness before learning to read. Phonemes and graphemes - Answer-GRAPHEMES are individual letters and groups of letters that represent single phonemes, like the "s" and the "oo" in "spoon". Understanding how letters are used to encode speech sounds in written language is crucial in learning to decode unfamiliar words. Graphemes represent phonemes. LETTERS are the visual building blocks of written words. When we say the letters in a word, as in C (see) A (ay) T (tee), we are describing the way the word looks, not the way it sounds. Irregular words contain unusual relationsips between letters and phonemes (e.g. "who"), making them more difficult to read and spell. Consonants and vowels - Answer-Phonemes can be either consonants or vowels Morphology - Answer-The system by which words are constructed out of letters. Morpheme= the smallest meaningful unit of grammar or syntax Nonperishable is comprised of three morphemes: non-, perish, and -able. It actually has five syllables though, which is a good example of why morphemes and syllables are not synonymous. non- is an example of a prefix, or a morpheme that precedes a base morpheme perish is an example of a base morpheme, as it gives the word its essential meaning -able is an example of a suffix, or a morpheme that follows a base morpheme Syntax - Answer-the basic set of linguistic rules that must be followed in order for linguistic expressions to be understood. Grammar is different because grammar offers recommendations for proper syntax, whereas syntax is the collection of proper and improper grammar.