URINARY SYSTEM
● The lungs eliminate carbon dioxide, one of the products of cellular
respiration.
● The large intestine removes toxic wastes from the digestive system.
● The liver transforms ingested toxins, such as alcohol and heavy
metals, into soluble compounds that can be eliminated by the kidneys
● The liver also transforms the hazardous products of protein
metabolism into metabolites, which are then eliminated by the
kidneys.
● In fact, the kidneys play a crucial role in removing waste, balancing
blood pH, and maintaining water balance.
● The average Canadian consumes more protein than is required
to maintain tissues and promote cell growth. Excess protein is often
converted into carbohydrates. Proteins, unlike carbohydrates, contain
nitrogen. The nitrogen molecule and two attached hydrogen
molecules, which are characteristic of amino acids (the building
blocks of protein), must be discarded by the body. This removal
process, referred to as deamination, occurs in the liver.
❗Deamination = the removal of an amino
group from an organic compound.
● The byproduct of deamination is ammonia, a water-soluble gas.
However, ammonia is extremely toxic—a buildup of as little as 0.005
mg can kill humans. Fish are able to avoid ammonia buildup
continually releasing it through their gills. Land animals, however, do
, not have the ability to release small quantities of ammonia throughout
the day—wastes must be stored.
● In the liver, two molecules of ammonia combine with another waste
product, carbon dioxide, to form urea. (2 ammonia + CO2 = urea)
● Urea is 100 000 times less toxic than ammonia.
● Uric acid is the product of the breakdown of nucleic kidneys acids,
such as DNA , it’s found in urine in humans and some mammals (a
chemical created when the body breaks down substances called
purines which are adenine and guanine.)
● bile pigments = breakdown of red blood cell pigment, hemoglobin
(organ of excretion is liver)
● Lactic acid = product of anaerobic respiration (organ of excretion is
liver) contractile vacuole a structure in unicellular organisms that
maintains osmotic equilibrium by pumping fluid out from the cell.
● For organisms that have three distinct cell layers, such as worms,
insects, and mammals, not every cell is in direct contact with the
external environment, so wastes must be collected and temporarily
stored.
KIDNEY
Renal Hilum
Entry and exit for;
1. Ureter
2. Renal Arteries
3. Renal Veins
4. Lymphatics
5. Nerves
● The lungs eliminate carbon dioxide, one of the products of cellular
respiration.
● The large intestine removes toxic wastes from the digestive system.
● The liver transforms ingested toxins, such as alcohol and heavy
metals, into soluble compounds that can be eliminated by the kidneys
● The liver also transforms the hazardous products of protein
metabolism into metabolites, which are then eliminated by the
kidneys.
● In fact, the kidneys play a crucial role in removing waste, balancing
blood pH, and maintaining water balance.
● The average Canadian consumes more protein than is required
to maintain tissues and promote cell growth. Excess protein is often
converted into carbohydrates. Proteins, unlike carbohydrates, contain
nitrogen. The nitrogen molecule and two attached hydrogen
molecules, which are characteristic of amino acids (the building
blocks of protein), must be discarded by the body. This removal
process, referred to as deamination, occurs in the liver.
❗Deamination = the removal of an amino
group from an organic compound.
● The byproduct of deamination is ammonia, a water-soluble gas.
However, ammonia is extremely toxic—a buildup of as little as 0.005
mg can kill humans. Fish are able to avoid ammonia buildup
continually releasing it through their gills. Land animals, however, do
, not have the ability to release small quantities of ammonia throughout
the day—wastes must be stored.
● In the liver, two molecules of ammonia combine with another waste
product, carbon dioxide, to form urea. (2 ammonia + CO2 = urea)
● Urea is 100 000 times less toxic than ammonia.
● Uric acid is the product of the breakdown of nucleic kidneys acids,
such as DNA , it’s found in urine in humans and some mammals (a
chemical created when the body breaks down substances called
purines which are adenine and guanine.)
● bile pigments = breakdown of red blood cell pigment, hemoglobin
(organ of excretion is liver)
● Lactic acid = product of anaerobic respiration (organ of excretion is
liver) contractile vacuole a structure in unicellular organisms that
maintains osmotic equilibrium by pumping fluid out from the cell.
● For organisms that have three distinct cell layers, such as worms,
insects, and mammals, not every cell is in direct contact with the
external environment, so wastes must be collected and temporarily
stored.
KIDNEY
Renal Hilum
Entry and exit for;
1. Ureter
2. Renal Arteries
3. Renal Veins
4. Lymphatics
5. Nerves
