Advanced Pathophysiology HESI Exam review

Advanced Pathophysiology HESI Exam review metabolic acidosis low pH, low HCO3 metabolic alkalosis high pH, high HCO3 respiratory acidosis low pH, high CO2 respiratory alkalosis high pH, low CO2 metabolic acidosis causes Primary Cause: Addition of large amounts of fixed acids to body fluids; Contributing Causes: Lactic acidosis (circulatory failure), Ketoacidosis (diabetes, starvation), Phosphates and sulfates (Renal dz), Acid ingestion (salicylates), Secondary to respiratory alkalosis, Adrenal insufficiency metabolic alkalosis causes Primary Cause: Retention of base or removal of acid from body fluids; Contributing Causes: Excessive gastric drainage, Vomiting, Potassium depletion (diuretic therapy), Burns, Excessive Sodium Bicarb admin respiratory acidosis causes Primary Cause: Hypoventilation (causes hypercapnia); Contributing Causes: COPD, Pulmonary dz, Drugs, Obesity, Mechanical asphyxia, Sleep Apnea respiratory alkalosis causes • Primary stimulation of CNS: hyperventilation. Can be due to emotional origin (anxiety, fear, apprehension), CNS infection (encephalitis), or salicylate poisoning. • Reflex stimulation of CNS. Hypoxia stimulates hyperventilation (heart failure, pneumonia, pulmonary emboli). Can also be stimulated by fever. • Mechanical hyperventilation, resulting in "over breathing." Neuro exams include: -hand strength, limb strength -ability to follow commands -ability to move eyes in equal and uniform fashion -deep pain stimulus response -symmetrical and coordinated movement -clear, speech. Acute Bronchitis patho infection or inflammation of the bronchi. In more than 90% of individuals, this is a self-limiting disorder caused by viruses. will not have high fevers and will have only scattered coarse wheezes on examination without evidence of pulmonary consolidation. Chest X-ray examination is usually normal. Chronic Bronchitis patho sequence The chronic bronchitis pathophysiologic sequence of events is as follows: Hypersecretion of bronchial mucus, which leads to Recurrent respiratory infections, which lead to