DNA MUTATIONS
-> random and continuous
change to the base sequence DNA GENETIC INHE
-> a
polymer a
↳ monomer nucleotides most do not alter the proteinthat was beingcoded for -junkDNA' DNA is stored
· ·
=
double helix structure few mutated genes code for an altered protein with a different ↳
arranged
· ·
a
small sequence
OfDNA that codes shape or altered functions
·
gene > a
- ·
allele
ver
,
↳ substrate
for a particular sequence of an
enzyme may longer no be able to form an
enzyme
have a different
↳
domina
amino acids complex as its active site may now
, shape ↳ recessive
↳
monomer ;
polymer-proteins three
types of mutations :
·
genotype th
-acce
·
>
-
the order acids determine ↓
f amino substitution - replaced with another base
·
.
1 > a base
alleles that c
makes upskin
,
which protein is codedfor hair , muscles
. . deletion -
2 > a base is deleted
from the base sequence
phenotype -
>
·
&
nucleotide consists molecule
, ↳ causes frameshift
·
a
ga sugar as a result
oft
*
a phosphate molecule and a chemical base . insertion
3 >
- a new base is added into the base sequence
heterozygous
·
codon
↳ 1 domina
phosphate NORMAL PROTEIN :
MUTATED PROTEIN :
-
group of3 bases codes
·
a >
-
homozygous
t
·
W Nooren
for 1 amino acid
.
T ↳ 2domina
↑
sugar
nitrogenous
base
-
nucleotide 6 ⑪
Eg
IMPROVED
PROTEIN eg B-
> br
M
ABNORMAL
e
·
A mutation can have
A T PROTEIN
b -> bl
Adenine
Thymine 4 possible impacts on
·
Guanine
a protein :
-
cytosine
·
C G SAME PROTEIN
BB
INHERITANCE,
=
3 bases
egi T A Bb =
&
GACTTCAGATCE o G C
bb =
codon
Bb =
ja
↳ codes for a particular
VARIATION
amino acid
complimentary
base pairs D
NHER
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS :
& EVOLUTION
. DNA is
1 copied using mRNA Andac
↳
transcription (complimentary base pairing ↳ cau
2 .
mRNA attaches to ribosome (in cytoplasm
the nucleus F
after
leaving ↳
correct amino acids and
3 .
tRNA
brings puts
↳ cau
it
together usingthe mRNA strand MELOSIS :
↳ translation EMBRYONIC SCREENING : ↳ ind
diploid cells
·
of a mino acids (polypeptide) is
When chain ↳ IVF allows
4 .
↳
eg
-
. somatic (body) cells parents to check their
embryo's possib
disorders or certain traits
complete ,
it folds into correct shape to ↳ 46 chromosomes in each cell
ghaving genetic .
suit the
protein's function haploidcells reduces overall
suffering(sufferers fa
·
·
+
·
-> random and continuous
change to the base sequence DNA GENETIC INHE
-> a
polymer a
↳ monomer nucleotides most do not alter the proteinthat was beingcoded for -junkDNA' DNA is stored
· ·
=
double helix structure few mutated genes code for an altered protein with a different ↳
arranged
· ·
a
small sequence
OfDNA that codes shape or altered functions
·
gene > a
- ·
allele
ver
,
↳ substrate
for a particular sequence of an
enzyme may longer no be able to form an
enzyme
have a different
↳
domina
amino acids complex as its active site may now
, shape ↳ recessive
↳
monomer ;
polymer-proteins three
types of mutations :
·
genotype th
-acce
·
>
-
the order acids determine ↓
f amino substitution - replaced with another base
·
.
1 > a base
alleles that c
makes upskin
,
which protein is codedfor hair , muscles
. . deletion -
2 > a base is deleted
from the base sequence
phenotype -
>
·
&
nucleotide consists molecule
, ↳ causes frameshift
·
a
ga sugar as a result
oft
*
a phosphate molecule and a chemical base . insertion
3 >
- a new base is added into the base sequence
heterozygous
·
codon
↳ 1 domina
phosphate NORMAL PROTEIN :
MUTATED PROTEIN :
-
group of3 bases codes
·
a >
-
homozygous
t
·
W Nooren
for 1 amino acid
.
T ↳ 2domina
↑
sugar
nitrogenous
base
-
nucleotide 6 ⑪
Eg
IMPROVED
PROTEIN eg B-
> br
M
ABNORMAL
e
·
A mutation can have
A T PROTEIN
b -> bl
Adenine
Thymine 4 possible impacts on
·
Guanine
a protein :
-
cytosine
·
C G SAME PROTEIN
BB
INHERITANCE,
=
3 bases
egi T A Bb =
&
GACTTCAGATCE o G C
bb =
codon
Bb =
ja
↳ codes for a particular
VARIATION
amino acid
complimentary
base pairs D
NHER
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS :
& EVOLUTION
. DNA is
1 copied using mRNA Andac
↳
transcription (complimentary base pairing ↳ cau
2 .
mRNA attaches to ribosome (in cytoplasm
the nucleus F
after
leaving ↳
correct amino acids and
3 .
tRNA
brings puts
↳ cau
it
together usingthe mRNA strand MELOSIS :
↳ translation EMBRYONIC SCREENING : ↳ ind
diploid cells
·
of a mino acids (polypeptide) is
When chain ↳ IVF allows
4 .
↳
eg
-
. somatic (body) cells parents to check their
embryo's possib
disorders or certain traits
complete ,
it folds into correct shape to ↳ 46 chromosomes in each cell
ghaving genetic .
suit the
protein's function haploidcells reduces overall
suffering(sufferers fa
·
·
+
·
