Experiment hoorcollege/werkgroep
Inhoudsopgave
Werkgroep 1 - webcollege 1 à Vier elementen van een zuiver experiment................................................... 12
Vier elementen van experimenten .................................................................................................................. 12
1. Manipula<e ............................................................................................................................................. 12
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 12
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 12
2. Me<ng ..................................................................................................................................................... 13
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 13
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 13
3. Vergelijking (tussen groepen) ................................................................................................................. 14
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 14
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 14
4. Controle ................................................................................................................................................... 15
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 15
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 15
Millgram-experiment ....................................................................................................................................... 16
• Voorbeeld Millgram-experiment ........................................................................................................ 16
1. Manipula*e ................................................................................................................................... 16
2. Me*ng ........................................................................................................................................... 16
3. Vergelijking .................................................................................................................................... 16
4. Controle ......................................................................................................................................... 16
Samenva2ng ................................................................................................................................................... 17
Werkgroep 1 – webcollege 2 à Correla<es, causaliteit en extraneous variabelen ......................................... 18
Correla5e ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 18
Causaliteit (oorzaak-gevolg rela5e) ................................................................................................................ 18
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 18
Doel........................................................................................................................................... 18
Extraneous variabelen ..................................................................................................................................... 19
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 19
Doel........................................................................................................................................... 19
Confounder variabelen .................................................................................................................................... 19
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 19
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 19
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 20
Voorkomen van confounders ........................................................................................................................... 20
1. Randomisa<e .......................................................................................................................................... 20
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 20
Doel........................................................................................................................................... 20
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 20
2. Constant houden van een variabele ....................................................................................................... 21
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 21
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 21
Probleem .................................................................................................................................. 21
1
, 3. Matching.................................................................................................................................................. 22
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 22
Doel........................................................................................................................................... 22
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 22
Samenva2ng ................................................................................................................................................... 22
Werkgroep 2, webcollege 1 à 10 stappen van het onderzoeksproces ........................................................... 23
10 stappen van het onderzoeksproces ............................................................................................................ 23
1. Zoek een onderzoeksidee ....................................................................................................................... 23
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 23
Stappen ................................................................................................................................................... 23
Stap 1 – onderwerp selecteren ........................................................................................................... 23
Stap 2 – literatuuronderzoek .............................................................................................................. 23
Stap 3 – onderzoeksvraag formuleren ................................................................................................ 23
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 24
2. Vorm een hypothese en een voorspelling .............................................................................................. 24
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 24
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 24
3. Definieer en meten van je variabelen .................................................................................................... 25
Stappen .............................................................................................................................................. 25
Stap 1 – manipulaAe onaBankelijke variabele .............................................................................. 25
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 25
Stap 2 – aBankelijke variabele meten................................................................................................ 25
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 25
1. Pre-test........................................................................................................................................... 25
Stap 3 – andere variabelen/confounders? ..................................................................................... 25
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 25
4. Iden<ficeer en selecteer deelnemers of subjecten ................................................................................ 26
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 26
5. Selecteer een onderzoeksstrategie ......................................................................................................... 26
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 26
Experimenteel ontwerp .......................................................................................................................... 26
Quasi-experimenteel ontwerp (voeg blz. nummer toe).......................................................................... 26
Niet-experimenteel ontwerp (voeg blz. nummer toe) ............................................................................ 26
Correla*ef ontwerp................................................................................................................................. 26
6. Selecteer een onderzoeksdesign ............................................................................................................ 27
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 27
One factor design .................................................................................................................................... 27
Two factor design .................................................................................................................................... 27
Three factor design ................................................................................................................................. 27
Within-subject design ............................................................................................................................. 27
Between-subject design .......................................................................................................................... 27
7. Het onderzoek uitvoeren ........................................................................................................................ 27
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 27
8. Evalueer de data...................................................................................................................................... 27
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 27
9. Rapporteer de resultaten........................................................................................................................ 27
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 27
10. Verfijn of herformuleer je onderzoeksidee .......................................................................................... 27
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 27
Werkgroep 2, webcollege 2 à Experimentele designs .................................................................................. 28
Verschillende designvormen – experiment (1) ................................................................................................ 28
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 28
2
, Voorbeelden ............................................................................................................................. 28
Verplichte elementen in de formule ................................................................................................................ 28
1. Aantal onaXankelijke variabele(n)/factor(en) + naam ............................................................................ 28
2. Het aantal niveaus van elke onaXankelijke variabele/factor + naam...................................................... 28
3. Of het nu gaat om een between-subjects design of een within-subjects design .................................... 28
Verschillende designvormen – experiment (2) ................................................................................................ 29
1. Single-factor design ................................................................................................................................. 29
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 29
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 29
2. Two-factor design .................................................................................................................................... 29
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 29
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 30
3. Three-factor design .................................................................................................................................. 30
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 30
DESIGN NOTATIE! ............................................................................................................................................. 30
Nota<e voorbeeld: ................................................................................................................................. 30
Werkgroep 2, webcollege 3 à interne en externe validiteit .......................................................................... 31
Interne- en externe validiteit ........................................................................................................................... 31
Centrale vraag .................................................................................................................................................. 31
Vormen van validiteit ...................................................................................................................................... 31
Interne validiteit .............................................................................................................................................. 31
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 31
Goede interne validiteit ............................................................................................................................... 31
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 31
Bedreiging interne validiteit ........................................................................................................................ 31
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 31
Sleutelwoord................................................................................................................................................ 31
Labonderzoek .............................................................................................................................................. 31
Externe validiteit .............................................................................................................................................. 32
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 32
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 32
Bedreiging externe validiteit ........................................................................................................................ 32
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 32
Sleutelwoord................................................................................................................................................ 32
Veldonderzoek ............................................................................................................................................. 32
Evenwicht interne- en externe validiteit ......................................................................................................... 33
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 33
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 33
Werkgroep 2 – minicollege 1 à Randomisa<e .............................................................................................. 34
Randomisa5e ................................................................................................................................................... 34
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 34
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 34
Randomisa5efout ............................................................................................................................................ 35
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 35
Oplossing ..................................................................................................................................................... 35
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 35
Correct uitgevoerde randomisa5eprocedures ................................................................................................ 35
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 35
3
, Beperkte randomisa5e .................................................................................................................................... 35
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 35
Gestra5ficeerde beperkte randomisa5e ......................................................................................................... 36
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 36
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 36
Beperkingen .............................................................................................................................. 36
Within-subjects design .................................................................................................................................... 36
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 36
Randomisa5e within-subjects design.............................................................................................................. 36
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 36
Werkgroep 2 – minicollege 2 à Kwan<ta<eve methodes.............................................................................. 38
Onderzoek naar causale hypotheses ............................................................................................................... 38
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 38
Controle externe variabelen ............................................................................................................................ 38
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 38
Laboratoriumonderzoek .................................................................................................................................. 38
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 38
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 38
Voor- en nadelen ......................................................................................................................................... 38
Ecologische validiteit/‘mundane realisme’ ..................................................................................................... 39
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 39
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 39
Experimentele realisme ................................................................................................................................... 39
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 39
Veldonderzoek ................................................................................................................................................. 39
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 39
Werkgroep 3 – webcollege 1 à Between-and within-subject design ............................................................. 40
Twee onderzoekdesigns ................................................................................................................................... 40
1. Between-subjects design ......................................................................................................................... 40
2. Within-subjects design ............................................................................................................................ 40
1. Between-subjects design ............................................................................................................................. 40
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 40
2. Within-subjects design............................................................................................................................ 40
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 40
Welk design kies je? ......................................................................................................................................... 40
à 4 elementen experiment (vergelijking + controle) .................................................................................. 40
Between-subjects design (welke kies je) ......................................................................................................... 40
Vergelijking .................................................................................................................................................. 40
Controle ....................................................................................................................................................... 40
Within-subjects design (welke kies je) ............................................................................................................ 40
Vergelijking .................................................................................................................................................. 40
Controle ....................................................................................................................................................... 40
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 41
Kenmerken ................................................................................................................................ 41
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 41
Voordelen ......................................................................................................................................................... 42
Voordeel 1.................................................................................................................................................... 42
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 42
4
Inhoudsopgave
Werkgroep 1 - webcollege 1 à Vier elementen van een zuiver experiment................................................... 12
Vier elementen van experimenten .................................................................................................................. 12
1. Manipula<e ............................................................................................................................................. 12
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 12
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 12
2. Me<ng ..................................................................................................................................................... 13
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 13
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 13
3. Vergelijking (tussen groepen) ................................................................................................................. 14
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 14
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 14
4. Controle ................................................................................................................................................... 15
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 15
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 15
Millgram-experiment ....................................................................................................................................... 16
• Voorbeeld Millgram-experiment ........................................................................................................ 16
1. Manipula*e ................................................................................................................................... 16
2. Me*ng ........................................................................................................................................... 16
3. Vergelijking .................................................................................................................................... 16
4. Controle ......................................................................................................................................... 16
Samenva2ng ................................................................................................................................................... 17
Werkgroep 1 – webcollege 2 à Correla<es, causaliteit en extraneous variabelen ......................................... 18
Correla5e ......................................................................................................................................................... 18
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 18
Causaliteit (oorzaak-gevolg rela5e) ................................................................................................................ 18
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 18
Doel........................................................................................................................................... 18
Extraneous variabelen ..................................................................................................................................... 19
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 19
Doel........................................................................................................................................... 19
Confounder variabelen .................................................................................................................................... 19
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 19
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 19
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 20
Voorkomen van confounders ........................................................................................................................... 20
1. Randomisa<e .......................................................................................................................................... 20
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 20
Doel........................................................................................................................................... 20
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 20
2. Constant houden van een variabele ....................................................................................................... 21
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 21
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 21
Probleem .................................................................................................................................. 21
1
, 3. Matching.................................................................................................................................................. 22
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 22
Doel........................................................................................................................................... 22
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 22
Samenva2ng ................................................................................................................................................... 22
Werkgroep 2, webcollege 1 à 10 stappen van het onderzoeksproces ........................................................... 23
10 stappen van het onderzoeksproces ............................................................................................................ 23
1. Zoek een onderzoeksidee ....................................................................................................................... 23
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 23
Stappen ................................................................................................................................................... 23
Stap 1 – onderwerp selecteren ........................................................................................................... 23
Stap 2 – literatuuronderzoek .............................................................................................................. 23
Stap 3 – onderzoeksvraag formuleren ................................................................................................ 23
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 24
2. Vorm een hypothese en een voorspelling .............................................................................................. 24
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 24
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 24
3. Definieer en meten van je variabelen .................................................................................................... 25
Stappen .............................................................................................................................................. 25
Stap 1 – manipulaAe onaBankelijke variabele .............................................................................. 25
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 25
Stap 2 – aBankelijke variabele meten................................................................................................ 25
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 25
1. Pre-test........................................................................................................................................... 25
Stap 3 – andere variabelen/confounders? ..................................................................................... 25
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 25
4. Iden<ficeer en selecteer deelnemers of subjecten ................................................................................ 26
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 26
5. Selecteer een onderzoeksstrategie ......................................................................................................... 26
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 26
Experimenteel ontwerp .......................................................................................................................... 26
Quasi-experimenteel ontwerp (voeg blz. nummer toe).......................................................................... 26
Niet-experimenteel ontwerp (voeg blz. nummer toe) ............................................................................ 26
Correla*ef ontwerp................................................................................................................................. 26
6. Selecteer een onderzoeksdesign ............................................................................................................ 27
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 27
One factor design .................................................................................................................................... 27
Two factor design .................................................................................................................................... 27
Three factor design ................................................................................................................................. 27
Within-subject design ............................................................................................................................. 27
Between-subject design .......................................................................................................................... 27
7. Het onderzoek uitvoeren ........................................................................................................................ 27
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 27
8. Evalueer de data...................................................................................................................................... 27
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 27
9. Rapporteer de resultaten........................................................................................................................ 27
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 27
10. Verfijn of herformuleer je onderzoeksidee .......................................................................................... 27
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 27
Werkgroep 2, webcollege 2 à Experimentele designs .................................................................................. 28
Verschillende designvormen – experiment (1) ................................................................................................ 28
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 28
2
, Voorbeelden ............................................................................................................................. 28
Verplichte elementen in de formule ................................................................................................................ 28
1. Aantal onaXankelijke variabele(n)/factor(en) + naam ............................................................................ 28
2. Het aantal niveaus van elke onaXankelijke variabele/factor + naam...................................................... 28
3. Of het nu gaat om een between-subjects design of een within-subjects design .................................... 28
Verschillende designvormen – experiment (2) ................................................................................................ 29
1. Single-factor design ................................................................................................................................. 29
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 29
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 29
2. Two-factor design .................................................................................................................................... 29
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 29
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 30
3. Three-factor design .................................................................................................................................. 30
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 30
DESIGN NOTATIE! ............................................................................................................................................. 30
Nota<e voorbeeld: ................................................................................................................................. 30
Werkgroep 2, webcollege 3 à interne en externe validiteit .......................................................................... 31
Interne- en externe validiteit ........................................................................................................................... 31
Centrale vraag .................................................................................................................................................. 31
Vormen van validiteit ...................................................................................................................................... 31
Interne validiteit .............................................................................................................................................. 31
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 31
Goede interne validiteit ............................................................................................................................... 31
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 31
Bedreiging interne validiteit ........................................................................................................................ 31
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 31
Sleutelwoord................................................................................................................................................ 31
Labonderzoek .............................................................................................................................................. 31
Externe validiteit .............................................................................................................................................. 32
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 32
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 32
Bedreiging externe validiteit ........................................................................................................................ 32
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 32
Sleutelwoord................................................................................................................................................ 32
Veldonderzoek ............................................................................................................................................. 32
Evenwicht interne- en externe validiteit ......................................................................................................... 33
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 33
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 33
Werkgroep 2 – minicollege 1 à Randomisa<e .............................................................................................. 34
Randomisa5e ................................................................................................................................................... 34
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 34
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 34
Randomisa5efout ............................................................................................................................................ 35
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 35
Oplossing ..................................................................................................................................................... 35
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 35
Correct uitgevoerde randomisa5eprocedures ................................................................................................ 35
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 35
3
, Beperkte randomisa5e .................................................................................................................................... 35
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 35
Gestra5ficeerde beperkte randomisa5e ......................................................................................................... 36
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 36
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 36
Beperkingen .............................................................................................................................. 36
Within-subjects design .................................................................................................................................... 36
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 36
Randomisa5e within-subjects design.............................................................................................................. 36
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 36
Werkgroep 2 – minicollege 2 à Kwan<ta<eve methodes.............................................................................. 38
Onderzoek naar causale hypotheses ............................................................................................................... 38
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 38
Controle externe variabelen ............................................................................................................................ 38
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 38
Laboratoriumonderzoek .................................................................................................................................. 38
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 38
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 38
Voor- en nadelen ......................................................................................................................................... 38
Ecologische validiteit/‘mundane realisme’ ..................................................................................................... 39
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 39
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 39
Experimentele realisme ................................................................................................................................... 39
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 39
Veldonderzoek ................................................................................................................................................. 39
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 39
Werkgroep 3 – webcollege 1 à Between-and within-subject design ............................................................. 40
Twee onderzoekdesigns ................................................................................................................................... 40
1. Between-subjects design ......................................................................................................................... 40
2. Within-subjects design ............................................................................................................................ 40
1. Between-subjects design ............................................................................................................................. 40
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 40
2. Within-subjects design............................................................................................................................ 40
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 40
Welk design kies je? ......................................................................................................................................... 40
à 4 elementen experiment (vergelijking + controle) .................................................................................. 40
Between-subjects design (welke kies je) ......................................................................................................... 40
Vergelijking .................................................................................................................................................. 40
Controle ....................................................................................................................................................... 40
Within-subjects design (welke kies je) ............................................................................................................ 40
Vergelijking .................................................................................................................................................. 40
Controle ....................................................................................................................................................... 40
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 41
Kenmerken ................................................................................................................................ 41
Voorbeeld ................................................................................................................................. 41
Voordelen ......................................................................................................................................................... 42
Voordeel 1.................................................................................................................................................... 42
Defini*e .................................................................................................................................... 42
4
