Intro to Psychology CLEP Exam Questions and Answers

Intro to Psychology CLEP Exam Questions and Answers Wilhelm Wundt - Answer-german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879 Structuralists - Answer-Believed that consciousness was made up of basic elements that were combined to produce diffferent perceptions Introspection - Answer-a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings Edward Titchener - Answer-Student of Wilhelm Wundt; founder of Structuralist school of psychology; set up first psychology lab in U.S. Functionalists - Answer-studied the function of consciousness William James - Answer-; Field: functionalism; Contributions: studied how humans use perception to function in our environment; Studies: Pragmatism, The Meaning of Truth Biological Approach - Answer-A psychological perspective that examines behavior and mental processes through a focus on the body, especially the brain and nervous system. Psychodynamic Approach - Answer-Approach that states that behavior reflects unconscious internal conflict between inherited instincts and society's behavioral rules. **Sigmund Freud Behaviorist Approach - Answer-A theoretical perspective that focuses only on objective, observable reactions. Behaviorism emphasizes the environmental stimuli that determines behavior. Classical Conditioning - Answer-a learning procedure in which associations are made between a natural stimulus and a learned, neutral stimulus Operant Conditioning - Answer-a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher Cognitive Approach - Answer-According to this approach, behavior is a result of information processing, such as perception, memory, thought, judgment, and decision making Humanistic Approach - Answer-approach to psychology that sees humans as basically good and striving to reach their ideal self Self-actualization - Answer-self fulfillment the realization of all ones potential and desire to become creative in the full sense if the world. Experiments - Answer-a means for researchers to assess cause-and-effect relationships between at least two variables. Independent Variable - Answer-The experimental factor, "cause", that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. Experimental Group - Answer-Exposed to presumed "cause"