WGU D027 Final Exam Complete Study Guide (Latest 2023/ 2024 Update) Advanced Pathopharmacological Foundations| Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct

WGU D027 Final Exam Complete Study Guide (Latest 2023/ 2024 Update) Advanced Pathopharmacological Foundations| Questions and Verified Answers| 100% Correct Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - structure LEFT ventricle is underdevel- oped Mitral valves not formed properly Aortic valve not formed properly Ascending aorta underdeveloped Atrial septal defect Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - fetal shunts Answer: patent ductus arteriosus - artery connecting aorta to pulmonary artery patent foramen ovale - hole connecting right atrium to left atrium Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - survival rates Answer: 3-5 year survival rates of 70% for infants with stage 1 repari Children who survive 12 months have 90% survival rate Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 1 Answer: 1-2 weeks old (nor- wood procedure) Enlarges aorta and connects to the right ventricle, shunt to pulmonary artery is created, patent ductus arteriosus is closed Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 2 Answer: 4-6 months old (glenn procedure) SVC is connected to pulmonary artery, shunt from norwood is removed Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - treatment stage 3 Answer: 18-36 months old (fontan procedure) IVC is connected to pulmonary artery, hole is made from the IVC conduit attached to the right atrium Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - s/s Answer: cyanosis, pallor, sweaty/clammy/cool skin, trouble breathing, rapid HR, cold feet, poor pedal pulses, poor feeding Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - testing Answer: during pregnancy - prenatal tests to check for birth defects, ultrasound to identify HLLS, echocardiogram to show structures of heart after birth - based on s/s through pallor and cyanosis, newborn will experience s/s once ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale close echocardiogram Q: Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome - medication Answer: tube feedings, medications to strengthen heart muscles, lower BP, and remove extra fluid Q: Parathyroid - function Answer: produces parathyroid hormone that regulates calcium in the bloodstream/tissue - more PTH released = more calcium in bones released to blood/tissue = losing density and strength Q: Parathyroid - labs Answer: calcium (8.6-10.3 mg/dL) PTH (11-51 pg/mL) Q: Parathyroid - s/s hyperparathyroid Answer: osteoporosis, kidney stones, excessive urination, abdominal pain, fatigue, forgetfulness, bone/joint pain Q: Parathyroid - s/s hypoparathyroid Answer: High PTH, low T3/T4 paresthesia, twitching of facial muscles, muscle pains/cramps, mood changes, dry/rough skin Q: Parathyroid - testing Answer: ultrasound, bone densitometry, body CT/MRI Q: Parathyroid - medications Answer: calcimimetics, hormone replacement, biphospho- nates Q: Parathyroid - treatment Answer: maintain low serum calcium level in hypoparathyroid Q: Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - definition Answer: progressive genetic dis- order causing children to age rapidly - no cure - appears in first two years of life Q: Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - causes Answer: abberant splicing of the LMNA making protein - progerin Causes the nuclear envelope to surround the nucleus to be unstable and damages it, causing it to die test for LMNA mutation Q: Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome - assessment measure height/weight, plot measurements on normal growth curve chart, test hearing and vision