Test Bank to Accompany Life The Science of Biology, 10th Edition Sadava, Hillis, Heller, Berenbaum

Test Bank to Accompany Life The Science of Biology, 10th Edition Sadava, Hillis, Heller, BerenbaumTable of Contents Chapter 1: Studying Life ................................................................................................... 1 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS ......................................................................................... 51 Chapter 2: Small Molecules and the Chemistry of Life .................................................. 58 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS ....................................................................................... 108 Chapter 3: Proteins, Carbohydrates, and Lipids .......................................................... 114 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS ....................................................................................... 163 Chapter 4: Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Life ............................................................ 169 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS ....................................................................................... 222 Chapter 5: Cells: The Working Units of Life ................................................................. 229 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS ....................................................................................... 247 Chapter 6: Cell Membranes .......................................................................................... 253 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS ....................................................................................... 274 Chapter 7: Cell Communication and Multicellularity .................................................. 281 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS ....................................................................................... 335 Chapter 8: Energy, Enzymes, and Metabolism ............................................................. 343 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS ....................................................................................... 387 Chapter 9: Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy ................................................. 394 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS ....................................................................................... 438 Chapter 10: Photosynthesis: Energy from Sunlight ..................................................... 443 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS ....................................................................................... 492 Test Bank to accompany Life: The Science of Biology, Tenth Edition Sadava • Hillis • Heller • Berenbaum Chapter 1: Studying Life TEST FILE QUESTIONS (By Richard Shingles) Multiple Choice 1. The basic structural and physiological unit of all living organisms is the a. aggregate. b. organelle. c. organism. d. membrane. e. cell. Answer: e 1 | P a g eTextbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 2. A cell a. can be composed of many types of tissues. b. is found only in plants and animals. c. is the smallest entity studied by biologists. d. may be a distinct entity or a building block of a more complex organism. e. All of the above Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 3. The Curiosity rover is currently searching for signs of life on Mars. What kind of evidence would most likely indicate the presence of living organisms on Mars? a. Fossilized prokaryotic cells b. Different nucleic acids and amino acids than those found on Earth c. Fatty acid molecules d. Complex molecules containing genetic information e. Simple organic molecules Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 4. Which of the following is not true of life? a. Life has a common ancestry. b. Life is made up of living organisms. c. Living organisms are all descended from a common origin. d. Life has multiple origins. e. Life has striking similarities across gene sequences. Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 5. Earth is approximately years old. a. 5.5 million b. 40–50 million c. 4.5 billion d. 5 trillion e. 40 trillion Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 6. There has been life on Earth for approximately a. 10 thousand b. 4 million c. 100 million d. 1 billion 2 | P a g e years.e. 4 billion Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 7. The oldest rocks on Earth are approximately a. 4,000‒5,000 b. 400,000‒500,000 c. 2–3 million d. 4–5 billion e. 8 billion Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 8. The seed of a desert plant may be dormant for many years without growing, but is still considered to be alive because it a. is always converting molecules. b. possesses heritable information. c. is always regulating its internal environment. d. is reproducing. e. is extracting energy from its environment. Answer: b Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 9. Which of the following statements about viruses is true? a. They do not mutate and evolve. b. They do not contain genetic information. c. They carry out physiological functions on their own. d. Their existence depends on cells. e. Biologists do not consider viruses to be part of life. Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 10. The critical step for the evolution of life was the a. formation of fatty acids. b. formation of simple molecules. c. appearance of proteins that could replicate themselves. d. appearance of nucleic acids that could replicate themselves. e. synthesis of proteins. Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 11. Cellular structure occurs due to a. an aggregation of cells. b. the synthesis of proteins with stable shapes. c. the enclosure of biological molecules by a membrane. 3 | P a g e years old.d. complex proteins being dissolved in water. e. the formation of reactants and products. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 12. To fuel cellular metabolism, early prokaryotes a. took in small molecules directly from the environment. b. fed on other prokaryotes. c. converted oxygen into biological energy. d. transformed the energy of sunlight into biological energy. e. Both a and d Answer: a Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 13. The chemical formula for oxygen gas is a. O. b. O2. c. H2O2. d. O3. e. CO2. Answer: b Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 14. The abundance of O2 led to the evolution of a. anaerobic eukaryotes. b. aerobic eukaryotes. c. anaerobic prokaryotes. d. aerobic prokaryotes. e. Both b and d Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 15. The chemical formula for ozone is a. O. b. O2. c. H2O2. d. O3. e. None of the above Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 16. O2 is important to life on Earth because it a. allows for anaerobic metabolism. b. blocks UV radiation. c. produces ozone in the upper atmosphere. 4 | P a g ed. provides energy to some basic forms of life. e. provides food for early prokaryotes. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 17. The accumulation of allowed organisms to grow larger. a. O2 in the atmosphere b. CO2 in the atmosphere c. CO2 in the water d. O3 in the atmosphere e. Both b and c Answer: a Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 18. Which of the following statements about aerobic metabolism is false? a. It is more efficient than anaerobic metabolism. b. It can occur in O2-rich environments. c. It allows organisms to grow. d. It is used by the majority of organisms on Earth today. e. It provides protection from UV radiation. Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 19. The diversity of organisms that have descended from a single kind of unicellular ancestor is mainly due to a. replication of the genome. b. mating. c. artificial selection. d. mutations in the genome. e. structural adaptations. Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 20. Natural selection functions a. by causing mutations in the genome. b. by producing structural and functional changes within organisms. c. through differential probabilities of survival and reproductive success. d. through sexual selection and genetic drift. e. by allowing unlimited growth of populations. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 21. Which of the following features is the same in muscle cells and gut cells? a. Cell function b. Local cell environment c. Expressed genes 5 | P a g ed. Genome e. Proteins formed Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 22. The process of evolution acts on a. populations. b. species. c. individual organisms. d. communities. e. ecosystems. Answer: a Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 23. A species consists of a. all the populations of different organisms that live together in a particular area. b. all the populations found in a community. c. a group of individuals of the same type of organism that can successfully interbreed. d. all the populations found in an ecosystem. e. a group of individual organisms in an area that do not interact. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 24. Adaptations are traits. a. structural b. physiological c. behavioral d. reproductive e. All of the above Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 25. The toe pads of arboreal (tree) frogs and the webbed feet of aquatic frogs are examples of a. genetic drift. b. structural adaptations. c. sexual selection. d. artificial selection. e. cooperation. Answer: b Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 26. Refer to the figure below. Which of the following statements concerning the “tree of life” is true? 6 | P a g ea. All protists are most closely related to other protists. b. Only one domain includes single-celled prokaryotes. c. Two of the domains had endosymbiotic events leading to the formation of mitochondria and chloroplasts. d. All three domains split from one common ancestor. e. Two of the domains have multicellular organisms. Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 27. All living organisms can be assigned to one of three separate a. species. b. genus groups. c. domains. d. ancestors. e. genomes. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 28. Species are given a distinctive scientific name formed from two Latin names called a a. minimali. 7 | P a g eb. biannual. c. normal. d. binomial. e. polynomial. Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 29. Which of the scientific names below is written incorrectly? a. Homo sapiens b. Branta Canadensis c. Acer saccharum d. H. neanderthalensis e. Canis lupis Answer: b Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 30. A phylogenetic tree a. classifies all plant species based on their habitats. b. diagrams the evolutionary history of a particular group of organisms. c. is based on binomial nomenclature. d. only catalogues fossil plants. e. only uses genome sequencing data. Answer: b Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 31. The branching patterns of the evolutionary tree of life are based on a rich array of a. fossil evidence. b. molecular evidence. c. information about metabolic processes. d. All of the above e. None of the above Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 32. Scientists group species on an evolutionary tree that is based on a. the fossil record. b. physical structures. c. genomic sequencing. d. All of the above e. None of the above Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 33. Evolutionary relationships among living organisms can best be 8 | P a g edetermined by comparing a. the genomes of both extinct and living organisms. b. the genomes of living organisms. c. samples from the fossil record. d. anatomical features of living organisms. e. anatomical features of fossils. Answer: b Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 34. You propose a set of experiments to test whether present-day chloroplasts originated from a single or multiple endosymbiotic events. Which experimental approach would provide the most detailed test of the hypothesis? a. Testing whether plants and algae have similar pigments in their chloroplasts b. Testing whether the chloroplasts of plants and algae have the same structure c. Performing an instrumental test to determine if the wavelengths of light absorption by chloroplast pigments are the same in both plants and algae d. Using structural chemistry to test if the light-absorbing pigments in plants and algae are the same e. Comparing the genomes of plant and algal chloroplasts to determine how closely related the genome-encoded molecules are Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology?; 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 35. Plants, fungi, and animals have evolved from ancestral a. protists. b. endosymbiotic bacteria. c. Archaea. d. cyanobacteria. e. inorganic molecules. Answer: a Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 36. Plants are a. eukaryotic unicellular aerobes. b. eukaryotic multicellular aerobes. c. eukaryotic multicellular anaerobes. d. prokaryotic unicellular anaerobes. e. prokaryotic multicellular aerobes. Answer: b Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 37. Which of the following did not evolve from protists? a. Plants b. Archaea c. Animal d. Fungi 9 | P a g ee. All of the above evolved from protists. Answer: b Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 38. Which of the following had independent origins of multicellularity from protists? a. Plants b. Fungi c. Animals d. Plants and fungi e. Plants, fungi, and animals Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 39. Which of the following represents the correct order of the levels of complexity at which life is studied, from most inclusive to least inclusive? a. Cell, tissue, organ, organism, population, community b. Community, population, organism, tissue, cell c. Community, population, organism, organ, tissue, cell d. Community, organism, population, organ, tissue, cell e. Community, organism population, cell, organ, tissue Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 40. In the image below, what is the smallest (lowest) level of biological organization that is visible? a. Community b. Organism c. Molecule d. Cell e. Population Answer: b Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 10 | P a g e41. Which of the following is not an example of the mechanical work of cells? a. Transporting molecules around inside cells b. Moving whole cells around c. Moving whole tissues d. Locomotion in an organism e. Processing information in nervous systems Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 42. Which of the following is not one of the functions of homeostatic regulation? a. The processing of sensory information b. The regulation of salinity across the plasma membrane c. The maintenance of a wide range for each physiological condition d. The maintenance of physical conditions such as temperature e. The sending of signals to components of physiological systems Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 43. Homeostasis is a. the mechanism by which organisms acquire nutrients from the environment. b. the maintenance of a narrow range of internal conditions. c. the sensory system of an organism. d. the mechanical movement of molecules from one cellular location to another. e. the maintenance of extracellular fluids. Answer: b Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 44. Which of the following always results from a scientific investigation? a. Proof of the hypothesis b. Refinement of the experimental design to produce qualitative data c. Formulation of new questions that result in additional experimentation d. Repetition of statistical tests to verify results e. Development of additional technologies to meet the needs of scientists Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 45. Which of the following is not one of the major steps in the hypothesis‒ prediction approach? a. Stating an opinion b. Forming a hypothesis c. Making an observation d. Asking a question e. Testing a prediction Answer: a Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 11 | P a g e46. After observing that fish live in clean water but not in polluted water, researchers state that “polluted water kills fish.” This statement is an example of a(n) a. fact. b. observation. c. prediction. d. theory. e. hypothesis. Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 47. A biologist listens to frogs singing at a local pond and hypothesizes that the sounds may be mating calls. What would be the next step in the hypothesis– prediction method? a. Controlling an environment b. Making an observation c. Forming a hypothesis d. Making a prediction e. Testing a prediction Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 48. A biologist hypothesizes that the sounds made by lions at night in the Serengeti may be territoriality calls and predicts that two lions inhabiting the same territory will roar even louder. She selects an area inhabited by one lion, records its calls, and plays them back in the same area. She records her observations, and notes that the lion does indeed roar more often as a result of this experiment. What would be the next step in the hypothesis–prediction method? a. Asking new questions b. Making an observation c. Forming a hypothesis d. Making a prediction e. Testing a prediction Answer: a Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 49. The main purpose of any single experiment is to a. obtain accurate quantitative measurements. b. prove unambiguously that a particular hypothesis is correct. c. avoid a merely comparative analysis. d. answer as many key questions as possible. e. test a prediction that is based on a hypothesis. Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 50. The advantage of controlled scientific experiments is that 12 | P a g ea. all variables except one are held constant. b. the hypothesis can be proven correct. c. patterns can be predicted. d. investigations can be carried out in the field. e. a massive amount of data can be synthesized. Answer: a Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 51. Which of the following is a characteristic of a comparative experiment? a. It has only independent variables. b. It has only one dependent variable. c. It compares one independent variable with one dependent variable. d. It starts with groups or samples that are as similar as possible. e. It starts with the prediction that there will be a difference between groups or samples. Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 52. A rapid decline of amphibian populations has been observed worldwide. Which of the following could not be one of the proposed hypotheses related to this decline? a. A fungal disease could be a cause. b. Increased exposure to ultraviolet radiation could be a cause. c. Exposure to agricultural chemicals could be a cause. d. Exposure to atrazine could be a cause. e. Frogs die naturally. Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 53. Which of the following statements about the experiments of Tyrone Hayes on abnormalities of male frog sex organs is true? a. Based on a set of controlled experiments, Hayes had to reject his hypothesis that atrazine was causing abnormalities in male frogs. b. Based on comparative experiments, Hayes formed a new hypothesis that UV radiation was causing abnormalities in frogs. c. Hayes used controlled experiments to compare the effects of various atrazine concentrations on reproductive tissues. d. Hayes reasoned, by means of inductive logic, that if atrazine caused abnormal testes development, then such deformities could be caused simply by exposing developing tadpoles to various concentrations of atrazine. e. The experiments showed that the abnormality rate was proportional to the level of atrazine exposure. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 54. Tyrone Hayes collected frog and water samples from eight widely separated sites across the U.S. and studied the incidence of abnormalities in frogs exposed to different levels of atrazine. This was a(n) experiment. 13 | P a g ea. comparative b. controlled c. inductive d. logic e. deductive Answer: a Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 55. A statistical test starts with a. a null hypothesis. b. deductive logic. c. inductive logic. d. a hypothesis. e. a model system. Answer: a Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 56. Bacteria can be used as a model system to study chemical reactions in cells. These reactions can be related to similar processes in humans because bacteria and humans a. share a genetic code. b. are both prokaryotes. c. have exactly the same genome. d. have the same number of chromosomes. e. Both a and d Answer: a Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 57. Much of what we know about the biochemistry of photosynthesis was discovered in experiments with a. fruit flies. b. zebrafish. c. roundworms. d. Arabidopsis. e. Chlorella. Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 58. Which of the following questions cannot be answered by means of the hypothesis‒ prediction approach? a. Are eastern meadowlark populations declining faster than western meadowlark populations? b. Is the song of the western meadowlark prettier than that of the eastern meadowlark? c. Do eastern and western meadowlarks interbreed? d. Do meadowlarks benefit from prairie habitat restoration? 14 | P a g ee. Have the migration paths of western meadowlarks been affected by climate change? Answer: b Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 59. Which of the following is not part of the basis for the scientific conclusion that evolution is a fact? a. Evolution can be observed and measured directly. b. Predictions about future developments in the natural world can be made based on the principles of evolution. c. The process of evolution can be observed in the fossil record. d. Changes in the genetic composition of populations can be observed over relatively short periods of time. e. The fossil record can be observed over an almost unimaginably long period of time. Answer: b Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 60. Scientific explanations for a natural phenomenon a. can be tested only in the laboratory. b. are always based on an ethical point of view. c. are based on reproducible and quantifiable observations. d. are based on untested hypotheses. e. cannot be rejected. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 61. Which of the following statements represents a scientific point of view? a. Earth was created by a supernatural force. b. The positions of the sun, moon, and stars provide guidance for making decisions. c. Inner strength comes from the beauty in nature. d. Meditation helps to solve health problems. e. Testing the effect of antibiotics on E. coli can help prevent deaths from food poisoning. Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 62. Many possible applications of scientific knowledge raise ethical issues for some people. Which of the following applications, however, would be rejected by all responsible scientists? a. Selecting the sex of one’s children b. Using stem cells as part of medical treatments c. Modifying the human genome d. Using scientific knowledge to dictate how the world ought to be e. All of the above would be rejected by scientists. Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 15 | P a g e63. In which of the following organisms have modern agricultural practices been used to develop new breeds or strains? a. Animals b. Plants c. Fungi d. Both a and b e. All of the above Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.3 Why Does Biology Matter? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 64. Which of the following scientific fields is providing us with knowledge that will help in the control of possible future tuberculosis epidemics? a. Molecular biology b. Physiology c. Microbial ecology d. Evolution e. All of the above Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.3 Why Does Biology Matter? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 65. New vaccines to protect against the influenza virus are developed every year because of the the virus. a. high rate of infection caused by b. high rate of evolution of c. long generation time of d. low mutation rate of e. Both a and c Answer: b Textbook Reference: 1.3 Why Does Biology Matter? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 66. Which of the following problems is directly related to global climate change? a. Development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria b. Overfishing of bluefin tuna c. Engineering of drought-resistant crops d. Consumption of fossil fuels e. Genetic diseases Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.3 Why Does Biology Matter? Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 67. Overfishing in the Atlantic bluefin tuna breeding ground has resulted in a serious decline in the tuna’s population. In response, an international commission drew a line down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean with the intent of allowing western populations of bluefin tuna to recover by restricting fishing quotas in that hemisphere. Why did this policy fail to achieve the desired result? a. Tracking data showed that the tuna’s breeding ground is not identical to its 16 | P a g efeeding ground. b. Tracking data showed that western bluefin tuna feed all across the Atlantic Ocean. c. Tracking data showed that eastern and western bluefin tuna populations are not, as was initially believed, geographically isolated in terms of their feeding grounds. d. Many tuna caught on the eastern side of the line were from the western breeding population. e. All of the above Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.3 Why Does Biology Matter? Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 68. Despite numerous studies showing the negative effects of atrazine on frog development, the Environmental Protection Agency continues to allow restricted use of atrazine as long as environmental levels do not exceed 30 to 40 ppb. What will be the likely result of this policy? a. The occurrences of frog abnormalities will gradually decline. b. Abnormalities will continue to appear in frogs. c. No new abnormalities in frogs will appear. d. Abnormal frogs that reproduce will have offspring that all develop normally. e. Both c and d Answer: b Textbook Reference: 1.3 Why Does Biology Matter? Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 69. Which of the following is not a direct concern for biologists? a. The origin of the universe b. The extraction and consumption of fossil fuels c. The rate of change in the world’s ecosystems d. The increase in anthropogenic carbon dioxide in the atmosphere e. The rapid rate of climate warming Answer: a Textbook Reference: 1.3 Why Does Biology Matter? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Fill in the Blank 1. are the basic structural and physiological units of living organisms. Answer: Cells Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 2. In the course of evolution, fatty acids were the critical ingredient in the enclosure of biological molecules in films because these molecules are not water. Answer: membranous (or membrane); soluble Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 3. The use of energy from sunlight to synthesize complex molecules is known as . Answer: photosynthesis 17 | P a g e inTextbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 4. The sum total of all the chemical transformations and other work done in a living organism is called its . Answer: metabolism Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 5. In contrast to eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes lack intracellular compartments referred to as . Answer: organelles Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 6. The total of all the information encoded by an organism’s genes constitutes its . Answer: genome Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 7. The change in genetic makeup of biological populations through time is called . Answer: evolution Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 8. Charles Darwin called the differential survival and reproduction among individuals in a population . Answer: natural selection Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 9. are structural, physiological, or behavioral traits that enhance an organism’s chance of survival and reproduction in its environment. Answer: Adaptations Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 10. A group of individuals of the same species that interact is called a(n) number of such groups that live and interact in the same area are called a(n) ; a ; and the latter groupings, along with the nonliving environment, constitute the . Answer: population; community; ecosystem Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 11. A Pacific tree frog has the scientific nomenclature of Hyla regilla. This particular tree frog belongs to the genus . Answer: Hyla Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 18 | P a g e12. Genome sequencing and other molecular techniques have allowed biologists to study the evolution and classification of life’s diverse organisms. By examining the fossil record and by identifying similarities and differences among living species, they have been able to construct trees to diagram evolutionary relationships. Answer: phylogenetic Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 13. The two membrane-enclosed compartments within cells that are thought to have arisen by endosymbiosis are and . Answer: mitochondria (or chloroplasts); chloroplasts (or mitochondria) Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 14. Single-celled organisms that lack discrete intracellular compartments belong to the domains and . Answer: Archaea (or Bacteria); Bacteria (or Archaea) Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 15. The three major groups of multicellular eukaryotes are the plants, animals, and . Each evolved independently from different groups of unicellular eukaryotes generally known as . Answer: fungi; protists Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 16. After observing new data, scientists apply a possible explanation, which is called a(n) logic in order to propose . Answer: inductive; hypothesis Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 17. Platelets are cell fragments that are critical for blood clotting, a process that involves the release of proteins from platelet storage granules. Platelet granules contain approximately 300 different proteins. One hypothesis about the packaging of proteins into these granules is that each protein is delivered in precisely measured amounts to each granule. An alternative hypothesis is that each protein is targeted to the individual storage granules randomly. The second hypothesis is an example of a(n) hypothesis. Answer: null Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 18. Because of the similarities shared by many life forms, scientific knowledge gained about one type of organism can often be generalized to other organisms. Biologists studying photosynthesis, for example, have experimented with the Chlorella alga, knowing that they can extend their findings to other plants. In this case, photosynthesis in the alga was considered a system. 19 | P a g eAnswer: model Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 19. The study of plant development in Arabidopsis thaliana has allowed scientists to understand the that control development in other plants as well. Answer: genes Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 20. Changes in the global climate, leading to the extinctions of large numbers of species and the spread of new and old diseases, are caused largely by the activities of . Answer: humans (or man or people) Textbook Reference: 1.3 Why Does Biology Matter? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Diagram 1. ‒2. Refer to the figure below showing life’s “timeline.” 1. Based on the timeline, which of the following statements is true? a. The oldest fossils include photosynthesizers. b. The first photosynthesizers were prokaryotic. c. Multicellularity arose before the evolution of eukaryotic cells. d. The oldest fossils include multicellular organisms. e. The first photosynthesizers were multicellular. Answer: b Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 20 | P a g e2. If we picture the history of Earth as a 30-day month, as in the timeline, modern humans arose a. at the beginning of week 4. b. on day 27. c. in the last 5 minutes of day 30. d. on day 29. e. just before noon on day 30. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 3. ‒4. Refer to the figure below showing DNA as life’s “blueprint.” 3. Which of the following statements is not supported by evidence presented in the figure? a. Genes are composed of DNA. b. Each cell contains the entire genome. c. Nucleotides contain genetic information. d. DNA is composed of nucleotides. 21 | P a g ee. Proteins are composed of genes. Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 4. The exposure of DNA to excessive levels of ultraviolet radiation produces thymine (a nucleotide) dimers, which, if unrepaired, can lead to production of skin cancer. This mutation would a. have no effect on genes. b. have no effect on proteins. c. effect both genes and proteins. d. effect only proteins. e. effect only genes. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 5. ‒6. Refer to the diagram below showing the evolutionary tree of life. 5. According to the relationships indicated by this phylogeny, which of the following statements is true? a. Animals are equally related to plants and fungi. 22 | P a g eb. Animals are more closely related to fungi than they are to plants or any protists. c. Fungi evolved more recently than did plants. d. Most eukaryotes are protists. e. Some plants evolved more recently than did archaea. Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 6. Which of the following is demonstrated by this diagram? a. Plants contain chloroplasts but not mitochondria. b. No members of Eukarya contain both mitochondria and chloroplasts. c. Chloroplasts are found in bacteria. d. Mitochondria developed through endosymbiosis before chloroplasts. e. Mitochondria are found in bacteria. Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 7. The image below shows a community. According to the hierarchy of biological systems, what level is created with the addition of nonliving components like sunlight and rain? Answer: An ecosystem Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 8. ‒9. Refer to the diagram below showing the steps in the scientific method. 23 | P a g e8. Which step in the diagram best illustrates the use of inductive logic? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5 Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 9. Step 4 illustrates the use of logic. Answer: deductive Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 10. The graph below shows the results of a study of atrazine exposure in male frogs. According to these data, higher atrazine concentrations do not result in a 24 | P a g ehigher rate of gonadal abnormality. Which of the following conclusions could be deduced from these results? a. Low levels of atrazine are not as dangerous to amphibians as high levels of atrazine. b. A dosage of 15 ppb would cause a rate of abnormality between the one caused by the 0.1 ppb dosage and the one caused by the 25 ppb dosage. c. The effect of the atrazine exposure is not proportional to the level of exposure. d. Atrazine is only hazardous in a natural ecosystem, where it is naturally diluted in the waterways. e. Atrazine usage should be banned. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.3 Why Does Biology Matter? Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 11. The figure below shows comparative experiments performed to study the incidence of abnormalities in frogs from environments with very different levels of atrazine. Which of the following is the best null hypothesis for this study? 25 | P a g ea. Atrazine might have a greater effect on gonad development at low concentrations than at high concentrations. b. Testes are normal in the absence of atrazine, but male gonadal abnormalities occur in the presence of atrazine. c. Atrophied testes and testicular oogenesis show no difference in their response to atrazine level. d. Atrazine levels show no difference with respect to the percentage of gonadal abnormalities. e. Differences in the percentage of gonadal abnormalities among sites with varied atrazine levels could be random sampling effects. Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.3 Why Does Biology Matter? Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying DIAGNOSTIC QUIZ QUESTIONS (from BioPortal) (By Richard Shingles) 26 | P a g e1. An organism a. always contains more than one cell. b. can evolve. c. cannot do biological work. d. can be generated from nonliving materials. e. must reproduce to ensure survival of its kind. Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 2. A seed of a desert plant may survive for many years because it is a. composed of a structure that protects it from the external environment. b. unicellular. c. always regulating its internal environment. d. reproducing. e. always extracting energy from its environment. Answer: a Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 3. Viruses a. can mutate. b. can extract energy from their environment. c. can synthesize DNA or RNA on their own. d. can reproduce on their own. e. are cellular. Answer: a Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 4. Genomes are a. genetic information shared among all living cells. b. usually made of RNA. c. made of proteins. d. genetic information that can be passed on to offspring. e. only found in animal and plant cells. Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 5. Energy transformations in early prokaryotes involved taking in small molecules from the environment and breaking them down to their component atoms. This process is called a. mechanical work. b. synthesis. c. break down. d. metabolism. e. electrical work. 27 | P a g eAnswer: d Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 6. All cells in a complicated multicellular organism a. produce all the same proteins. b. have the same function. c. express the same parts of the genome at the same time during development. d. have controlled expression of the genome. e. randomly express parts of the genome. Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 7. Which of the following statements about the tree of life (shown below) is false? a. Most of the species that were ever present on Earth have already been discovered. b. Earth’s organisms are divided into three domains. c. Protists are microbial eukaryotes. d. The organisms on any one branch share a common ancestor. e. The common ancestor forms the root of the tree. Answer: a Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 8. In terms of increasing complexity, the order of parts of a multicellular animal is 28 | P a g ea. cell, macromolecule, tissue, organ, organ system. b. molecule, cell, tissue, organ, organ system. c. tissue, cell, molecule, organ system, organ. d. molecule, tissue, cell, organ, organ system. e. tissue, molecule, cell, organ, organ system. Answer: b Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 9. A population differs from a community in that a community a. consists of just one species. b. includes the abiotic environment. c. consists of many species. d. is synonymous with an ecosystem. e. is a group of the same species that interact with each other. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 10. Oceans were a good environment for early organisms because they a. contained ozone. b. shielded organisms from visible light. c. alleviated the need for a cell membrane. d. shielded organisms from ultraviolet light. e. were rich in oxygen. Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 11. The organisms that produced the oxygen gas in Earth’s early atmosphere in were a. anaerobic eukaryotes. b. aerobic eukaryotes. c. photosynthetic prokaryotes. d. aerobic prokaryotes. e. completely unlike modern organisms. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 12. Eukaryotes resemble prokaryotes in that both a. contain nuclei. b. have organelles. c. have plasma membranes. d. are multicellular. e. contain specialized cells. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 13. Which of the following statements about model systems is false? 29 | P a g ea. The study of a model system can always be extended to humans. b. Much of what we know about the genes that control plant development has come from work on Arabidopsis. c. Basic understanding of many chemical reactions in cells came from research on bacteria. d. The biochemistry of photosynthesis was largely worked out from experiments on Chlorella. e. Knowledge of how animals develop has come from work on sea urchins. Answer: a Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 14. In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a. a final answer to a question. b. formulated by deductive logic. c. an alternative to an experiment. d. the basis for making predictions. e. formulated solely by speculation. Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 15. Scientific explanations for a natural phenomenon a. cannot be tested by humans. b. may be based on data that cannot be reproduced. c. must be based on statistically significant data. d. are tested exclusively by the original scientist. e. are a reflection of how things should be. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 16. The scientific method entails measuring the effects of specific factors that are altered by the experimenter. The factor that is changed is also called a(n) a. hypothesis. b. conclusion. c. variable. d. observation. e. speculation. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 17. In a scientific experiment, the control group is the one that a. is not manipulated and used for comparison. b. exerts control over the test subjects. c. is usually discarded. d. is exposed to a specific treatment to test the effects. e. is statistically significant. 30 | P a g eAnswer: a Textbook Reference: 1.2 How Do Biologists Investigate Life? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 18. An international commission drew a line down the middle of the Atlantic Ocean with the intent of allowing western populations of bluefin tuna to recover from ocean fishing. Which of the following statements regarding this effort is false? a. The policy had little effect on bluefin populations, as the eastern and western Atlantic populations freely mix. b. Tracking data revealed that bluefin tuna feed across the Atlantic Ocean. c. Bluefin tuna populations recovered in the western Atlantic Ocean d. Bluefin fishing was restricted on the western Atlantic Ocean but not on the eastern Atlantic Ocean e. It was initially assumed that bluefin tuna populations had geographically separated feeding grounds. Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.3 Why Does Biology Matter? Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 19. Which of the following is not an effect of the vastly increasing human population on the environment? a. Changing global climate b. Evolution of antibiotic resistant bacteria c. The extinction of a great number of species d. Spreading of disease e. None of the above; all of the above are effects of a vastly increasing human population. Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.3 Why Does Biology Matter? Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 20. Which of the following is not of major interest to biologists? a. That modern agriculture depends on biology b. That biology is the basis of medical practice c. That biology can inform us on the origin of the universe d. That biology can inform public policy e. That biology is crucial for understanding ecosystems Answer: c Textbook Reference: 1.3 Why Does Biology Matter? Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding LEARNINGCURVE QUESTIONS (from BioPortal) (By Richard Shingles) 1. Which of the following is not a characteristic of living organisms? a. Self-regulation of an internal environment b. Presence of one or more cells c. The ability to produce biological molecules 31 | P a g ed. The ability to extract energy from the environment e. All of the above are characteristics of living organisms. Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Difficulty: Easy Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 2. If samples were brought back from a distant planet, what would be the first evidence of life, assuming its evolution followed the same path as Earth’s? a. Presence of nucleic acids b. Multicellular life forms c. Presence of oxygen d. Cell membranes e. Presence of fatty acids Answer: a Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Difficulty: Hard Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 3. Refer to the figure below. Imagine that NASA’s next probe to one of Jupiter’s moons takes a sample from one of its methane lakes. Pictures taken under a microscope reveal a cell-like structure remarkably similar to that of a simple prokaryotic organism. NASA calls it a “Xenop.” Based on the textbook’s discussion of the common aspects of living organisms on Earth, which of the following pieces of additional information about the Xenop is paired with its logical conclusion? a. The Xenop looks like a prokaryote and is surrounded by a vesicle-like membrane and, therefore, is living. b. The Xenop contains different nucleic acids and amino acids from life on Earth and, therefore, is not living. c. The Xenop can go many years without extracting energy from its environment and, therefore, is not living. d. The Xenop does not contain genetic information or reproduce and, therefore, is not living. e. The Xenop contains complex molecules and, therefore, is living. Answer: d Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Difficulty: Hard Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 32 | P a g e4. Scientists postulate that the enclosure of complex proteins and other biological molecules by membranes resulted in the first cells with the ability to a. reproduce. b. photosynthesize. c. carry out aerobic respiration. d. live in nonaqueous environments. e. All of the above Answer: a Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Difficulty: Medium Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 5. Viruses a. can mutate. b. can extract energy from their environment. c. can synthesize DNA or RNA on their own. d. can reproduce on their own. e. are cellular. Answer: a Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Difficulty: Medium Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 6. Life arose on Earth approximately a. 4000 b. 400,000 c. 4 million d. 1.5 billion e. 4 billion Answer: e Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Difficulty: Easy Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 7. Which of the following correctly lists the order of important first events in the history of life? a. First archaea, chemical evolution, first chloroplasts, first nucleus, first cyanobacteria b. Chemical evolution, first archaea, first cyanobacteria, first nucleus, first chloroplasts c. Chemical evolution, first cyanobacteria, first archaea, first chloroplasts, first nucleus d. First cyanobacteria, first nucleus, first archaea, first chloroplasts, chemical evolution e. First cyanobacteria, chemical evolution, first archaea, first nucleus, first chloroplasts Answer: b Textbook Reference: 1.1 What Is Biology? Difficulty: Hard 33 | P a g e years ago.