OCR A LEVEL HISTORY QUESTION & ANSWERS

OCR A LEVEL HISTORY QUESTION & ANSWERS Constitutional Crisis - CORRECT ANSWERS-. Liberal government wanted radical social reforms to reduce poverty 1906. Same time naval arms race with Germany, dreadnoughts building expensive. Peoples budget of 1909, tax the rich especially wealthy landowners to pay for the reforms. Caused confrontation between Cons and Libs and HoC and HoL. HoL block budget though parliamentary convention said they wouldn't. Take issue to people which leads to the Libs overcoming this and changing constitution and the role of HoL. Due to the Irish Nationalists support Home Rule resurfaces. Home Rule Bill of 1912 - CORRECT ANSWERS-The government agreed that a home rule bill would be passed in return for the support of the Irish nationalists. Libs reluctant to pass bill, Lords normally block but can't now. Govt turn to military resistance in Ireland. This decision was made as they struggled to appease the protestors against Home Rule in Ulster as well as the Irish Protestants. Bill never passed due to WW1 and easter rising 1916 Postion in 1900 - CORRECT ANSWERS-One of most democratic countries. Biggest empire. Had won Boer War although not easily and conscription showed many men unfit to serve (1 in 10 unfit). Largest navy. Dominant in trading. Limits in voting. Mass poverty and unemployment. Losing arms race. Spending lots on dreadnoughts. Growing competition from other countries e.g. US and Germany. Balfour Government - CORRECT ANSWERS-Responded to Boer War issues. Reconstructed army and navy. Education reforms, Some social reforms 1905 unemployed workmen act (gave businesses grants to hire workers, Reduced unemployment). Unsuccessful tariff reforms, split Cons helped Libs. Issues like Chinese slaves in South Africa. Lack of direction. 1906 election - CORRECT ANSWERS-Libs win by 377 seats. Balfour loses seat. Cons weaknesses and division. Also Libs more united and new policies. Voters attracted by free trade and cheap food. Women's Suffrage - CORRECT ANSWERS-. Arguments for women's right to vote. Issues discussed since 1790. Groups formed between . Small protest between e.g. not paying tax. Militant actions between brought to political forefront. Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU) galvanised movement. Civil disobedience. Boycott 1911 census. Repeated failure frustrating. NUWSS became more militant. Wanted to be arrested. Arson attack, chained to railings. Hunger strikes in jail. Released to eat then re-arrested. Labour and some Parliament supported. Called off in 1914 for war effort. Women's Suffrage Key Events - CORRECT ANSWERS-1897 - NUWSS founded. Largest group. Started moderate. 1903 - WSPU founded. Militant tactics 1905 - Christabel Pankhurst and Annie Kenney arrested disrupted political meeting. 1907 - 'Women's Parliament' first held. Votes for Women newspaper published first time. 1908 - WSPU adapted more militant tactics after failed women's votes bill. 1909 - hunger strike held first time 1911 - Increased violence after failed conciliation bill. 1912 - damaging post boxes campaign. 1913 - Arson attack on Lloyd George's house. 1913 - Cat and Mouse Act. Realising prisoners to eat then rearresting. 1913 - Emily Davison killed by King's horse. 1914 - Mary Richardson slashes famous painting. DLG and WC views and New Liberalism - CORRECT ANSWERS-. From philosophers e.g. J.A Hobson. More state power less Cons policy. Attempt to help fight poverty. LG inspired by 1908 Germany trip. Saw best welfare system in world. LG wanted to weaken Labour's appeal. Wanted social reforms but not too far socialist. WC wanted to provide lifebelt for Britain and increase its strength and health. Introduced Children's Charter 1906. Gave children more opportunities. Monitored health etc. so less responsibility for parents. New old age pension 1908 (five shillings a week). Oppose old lib idea of no income tax for poor to save up for retirement. National Insurance - CORRECT ANSWERS-1911. Workers pay small portion of income as tax to pay for healthcare of other workers. Employers also paid a portion. This caused large expansion civil service. Took some power over people's wages away. Most socialist due to redistribution of wealth. Growth of the Labour Party - CORRECT ANSWERS-Two elements. Development of organised labour e.g. Trade Unions. Workers promote their well-being and working conditions. The other element is the realisation that for Unions to make changes they had to get MP's elected in Parliament. LRC formed in 1900. 1906 - 30 Labour MP's elected. 1910 - 45 labour MP's elected. 1914 - 36 Labour MP's elected. Trade Unions and Challenges faced - CORRECT ANSWERS-. More mass production, more less skill workers. New management payed by output. Employers formed union with money behind them. legal battles e.g. Taff Vale 1901 (said that Unions were liable to loss of profits through striking action). Unions wanted political rep (supported Lab). Rising price between , Economic slump , workers wanted union protection. Union membership increase from 2.5 mil 1910 to 4.1 mil 1914. Industrial Unrest - CORRECT ANSWERS-National Transport Workers Federation 1911. Controlled 30 unions. 1912 three biggest unions combine to form a triple alliance in 1915. Stronger cos over 1 mil workers. Events - Tonypandy coal strike 1910 led to attacks on shops and rioting. Police and army involvement caused one death and 500 injuries. 200 troops to Wales violence in Hull and Merseyside, Railway Workers strike 1911, Dockers strikes 1911 - affected food supplies, 1500 strikes in 1913, famous school strike 1911 including 62 towns, as kids were influenced. Led to Coal Mines Act 1912 - gave workers a minimum wage. Protecting the Workers - CORRECT ANSWERS-1906 Workmen's Compensation Act built on act product 1897. Protected a further 6 million workers after the Liberals learned of the exploitation in small business and retail, unregulated workshops and factories that freer not often checked. Lots of action between 1908 and 1910. Eight hours round the clock sifts introduced. 1909 Trade Boards Act. Boards created could set minimum wage legally. Hard to enforce. 30% of workforce thought to be sweated labour. Home Front - CORRECT ANSWERS-The civilian population and activities of a nation whose armed forces are engaged in war abroad. Conscription in Jan 1914 Saw women take role in workforce. Brought rationing. German bombing. The 1915 excitement for war died by 1916. Injured men returned by train casualties were unable to be hidden. Caused inflation. Rationed fuel as most used for war. Food shortages due to German Uboats. 1500 civilians died in wartime. Incidents like 1917 Silverton factory killed 69. 400 were also injured in explosion. other events like this happened in munitions factories but safety second to war effort. Defence of the Realm Act (DORA). DORA brought conscription, BST, gave govt lots of power, didn't;t need ratification in Parliament, conseroship etc. 1915 Coalition - CORRECT ANSWERS-Asquith in power. More casualties, Gallipoli failure. Pressure due to munitions shortage. Eventually agreed coalition but only 2 posts for Cons and 1 for Lab. LG became Minister for Munitions. Doomed to fail. Not dynamic and apathetic leadership. 1916 LG coalition - CORRECT ANSWERS-Kitchener drowned. LG becomes War Minister. Proposed 3 man war committee December 1916. Cabinet supported Asquith press supported LG. Libs divided. LG supported by 80 Asquith 49. Asquith accepted war committee on 3rd December but backtracked on 4th and fought against it. Following this LG and Asquith both resigned on 5th and 6th December respectively. Asquith had to as minsters support for him would have prevented another govt from forming. Bonar Law said he would if Asquith joined but he refused. This left LG and it was agreed by Cons and Lab that he would be PM. The Debate Over Poverty - CORRECT ANSWERS-Charles Booth, Seebohm Rowntree and John Galt. Booth lived among the poor in London and found that old age, illness and irregular employment was a large factor. 35% of London in poverty. Rowntree researched York. Over half lived in poverty and suffered from lack of food, fuel and clothing, and irregular employment. H