OAM 330 MIDTERM - TERMS TO REMEMBER WITH 100% CORRECT ANSWERS.

self-fulfilling prophecy expectancies influence others' actions → A belief that becomes true because you already act like its' true availability heuristic making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind confirmation bias a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence halo effect Things (and ppl) that are "good" in one area tend to be seen as "good" in other areas fundamental attribution error the tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition self-serving bias the tendency to perceive oneself favorably Overconfidence the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. hindsight bias the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it anchoring bias overweighting initial information → over-reliance on one number, even when it's not relevant/random sunk cost fallacy people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation, leads to either "escalation of commitment" or "cutting your losses" way to avoid bias avoiding situations that produce it all together framing and risk we are risk averse for gains, but risk seeking for losses, even when the net change is the same Barnum effect most personality results seem accurate, seems like you're gaining insight about yourself but it's really just information about humans in general individualistic culture Value independence, uniqueness, self-expression, authenticity, initiative, & personal achievement collectivistic culture connections to others, belonging, harmony, group identity, and group achievement expectancy theory the theory that people will be motivated to the extent to which they believe that their efforts will lead to good performance, that good performance will be rewarded, and that they will be offered attractive rewards distributive justice perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals procedural justice the perceived fairness of the process and procedures used to make allocation decisions stereotype threat awareness of a stereotype about your group (race, gender) can hurt your performance Authority, Reciprocity, Commitment & Consistency, Scarcity, Liking, Social Proof Cladini's 6 Principles N of 1 Problem relying on a single observation has low odds of being representative of your experience (can't know all the reasons for one person's experience) control variable variables you don't care about and want to rule out as an alternative explanation, so you keep them constant (to offset the uncertainty about the correlation) Limbic System System 1, Emotions, memory, fight/flight → nonconscious functions; peripheral route Prefrontal Cortex System 2, Conscious attention, control, and concentration; central route