Psychology 120 Exam #3 Purdue

Intrinsic motivation correct answer: the pursuit of activity because of internal factors Extrinsic motivation correct answer: the pursuit of an activity because of external factors Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs correct answer: We are motivated by needs not being met, from the bottom and working upward to self-actualization Drive theory correct answer: organisms seek to exist in a state of homeostasis within various biological needs Primary drive correct answer: those that are biological and innate Secondary drive correct answer: those that are conditioned and learned Optimal arousal theory correct answer: we are motivated to maintain an optimal level of physiological and psychological arousal Self-determination theory correct answer: we are motivated by intrinsic goals, and want to feel like we are in control of our destiny Goals correct answer: component of motivation Approach goals correct answer: goals we seek or aspire towards Avoidance goals correct answer: goals we want to avoid Performance goals correct answer: performing well in front of others, being judged well Mastery goals correct answer: increasing competence and skills Approach-Approach Motivational Conflict correct answer: a choice between two appealing activities or goals Avoidance-Avoidance Motivational Conflict correct answer: choosing between the "lesser of evils" Approach-Avoidance Motivational Conflict correct answer: choice has both positive and negative outcomes Personality correct answer: long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways Trait correct answer: a unit of personality; also a characteristic that describes the habitual way of behaving, thinking, and feeling. Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) correct answer: tendency to attribute motivations of other more to personality factors than to situational factors Projective tests correct answer: based on the assumption that the test taker will project unconscious conflicts and motives onto an ambiguous stimulus Personality inventories correct answer: answering a series of questions about oneself; no right or wrong answers; from the responses a personality profile is developed Thematic Apreception Test (TAT) correct answer: person is asked to tell a story about the "hero" in the picture; psychologist interprets the needs and motives that are projected via the story Rorschach inkblot test correct answer: shows the people are ambiguous stimulus, asks them to explain what they see Personality inventories- MBTI correct answer: Extroversion (E) or Introversion (I) Sensing (S) or Intuition (N) Thinking (T) or Feeling (F) Judging (J) or Perceiving (P) report labels you; example: ISTP Five factor model of personality correct answer: - neuroticism - extroversion - openness to experience - agreeableness - conscientiousness Parenting correct answer: parental influence will depend on genetics; parenting will vary according to the child's personality Freud's psychodynamic theory correct answer: emphasizes interactions between different components of personality; emphasizes psychosexual development of Id, Ego, and Superego Developmental stages correct answer: oral, anal, latency period, genital Humanistic theory correct answer: focus on personality development as part of our quest for growth and achievement of potential Abraham Maslow correct answer: emphasized pursuit of self-actualization Carl Rogers correct answer: importance of unconditional positive regard, and congruence between real self and ideal self Paul Baltes' framework correct answer: - development is lifelong - development depends on history and context - development is multidirectional and multidimensional - development is plastic (moldable) PreNatal development correct answer: embryos are vulnerable, and chromosomal disorders can lead to spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) PreNatal dangers correct answer: proper maternal nutrition is vital; malnutrition can lead to birth defects, low birth weight, and stillbirth. material age outside of optimal range can pose difficulties Teratogens correct answer: external / environmental contaminants that can penetrate the maternal protections pregnancy and cause harm to the fetus. examples: medical drugs, environmental pollution, alcohol, nicotine, illegal drugs Capacities at birth correct answer: - sight: stimulation builds quickly, binocular depth perception by 4-5 months, 20/20 by 6 months. - preferences on hearing, tastes and orders are already present at birth. Behaviorism correct answer: gender identity is based on reinforcement and punishmen t Style of parenting is a product of: correct answer: - upbringing - temperament: innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment - child's attachment style Permissive parenting correct answer: value self expression at the expense of structure; not demanding, rarely punish; children tend to be disruptive, immature, undisciplined Authoritative parenting correct answer: firm but loving; emphasize social rules, but within context of individual values; use the reason in explaining punishments and rules; children feel more secure Power assertion correct answer: reliance on authority; physical discipline often stimulates aggression Induction correct answer: attempt to reason with the child Withdrawal of love correct answer: ignoring and isolation Primary aging correct answer: the inevitable process of deterioration secondary aging correct answer: product of abuse, disease, poor care Norms correct answer: rules that govern our behavior in a social context Role correct answer: pattern of behavior that is expected of a person in a given setting or group Conformity correct answer: tendency of people to go along with the group Groupthink correct answer: in close-knit groups, the tendency for all members to think alike and suppress disagreement for the sake of unanimity Attitude correct answer: relatively stable opinion based on both cognition and emotion Explicit attitudes correct answer: you are consciously aware of them Implicit attitudes correct answer: you act on them without awareness Prejudice correct answer: implicit or explicit attitude driven by negative feelings about individuals based on group membership Stereotypes correct answer: negative beliefs about. individuals based solely on group membership Persuasion correct answer: effort to change an attitude Direct persuasion correct answer: an effort to persuade based primarily on the merits of an argument Peripheral persuasion correct answer: an effort to persuade by using methods other than direct argument