Bioethics Midterm/Final (Made from all bell quizzes and tests) Questions With Complete Solutions

BELL QUIZ 1-1 correct answer: True or False: The discipline of bioethics is the study of the biological sciences and how biology provides answers to our ultimate questions about the meaning of life. includes some study of the biomedical/logical sciences. correct answer: False True or False: The discipline of bioethics includes environmental or ecological ethics and the study of the good stewardship of Earth, of agriculture and in fact, of the whole biosphere of living things. correct answer: True True or False: Every time we choose the true good to do we become freer, and we move toward perfection, becoming more fully human and preparing for our ultimate end in perfect happiness. correct answer: True True or False: The real motivation for our choices and actions is not happiness but to do what we think will make us popular because what is popular is always good. correct answer: False True or False: Bioethics helps us to determine if a certain biomedical technology can be used ethically. correct answer: True True or False: The standard for our ethical decisions is the dignity of the human person. correct answer: True 9. One question that we should ask ourselves when judging a technology is: will the act of using the technology do justice or injustice to the human person? correct answer: True True or False: The matter, tools or technology that were used in a biomedical act are the intention of the act not the means, object or behavior chosen to do the act. correct answer: False BELL QUIZ 1-2 correct answer: The end (object, means, behavior chosen, technology) intended of a medical act is the action of using the biomedical technology. correct answer: False True or False: Bioethics is a particular aspect of the science of ethics which guides our judgment concerning the morality of human acts in the use of biomedical technologies. correct answer: True True or False: In moral theology we judge a biomedical act relative to our supernatural end (perfect happiness in God), but in ethics we judge such acts relative to our natural end (temporal happiness that should be ordered to ultimate happiness). correct answer: True or False: Genital intercourse can bring about ovulation in women. correct answer: False True or False: In this course we will use faith more than reason and religion more than science. correct answer: False True or False: In ethics, when we judge an action, our resources include reason (natural moral law, conscience, act of the intellect), experience (memories) and contemporary and historical experience (teachings). correct answer: True Why do we know that human persons are acting in accord with human nature when they live in personal loving communion with other human persons? correct answer: Human persons are designed to freely choose to love. Why must we realize that a genetically distinct member of the human species, a unique individual human being, is a human person? correct answer: To do otherwise would be arbitrary, unreasonable and unscientific. BELL QUIZ 1-3 correct answer: True or False: When someone obeys the natural moral law in the judgment of an action while considering personal experience and the teaching of others, he is using his conscience, an act of his intellect. correct answer: True True or False: correct answer: We can use reason alone to reach the following conclusions or judgments: God exists, human souls are immaterial and immortal, and knowledge is immaterial. True or False: An act is good, natural and in accord with our human nature when it conforms to and is informed by right reason (prudence). correct answer: True True or False: Human persons act correctly and in accord with human nature when they choose to live in personal loving communion with other human persons because love, a freely willed choice, is the correct response to every human person. correct answer: True True or False: A genetically distinct member of the human species, a unique individual embryonic human being, might not be a human person if he or she has not developed into a fetus or reached personhood. correct answer: False True or False: Menstruation is the most important event in a woman's menstrual (reproductive) cycle. correct answer: False What is the correct sequence in the menstrual cycle: correct answer: GnRH, FSH, Estrogen, LH, Progesterone Luteinizing hormone is responsible for correct answer: Causing ovulation Creighton Method/NFP correct answer: These are methods or programs used by spouses to achieve or to avoid pregnancy, based on observations of naturally occurring signs of fertile and infertile phases of the menstrual cycle. NaPro Technology correct answer: Spouses use this therapeutic program to heal infertility and to restore fertility health. Intention or desired consequence of an act using NFP correct answer: Spouses either want to promote fertility and conceive a child or to avoid conception and procreation of a child Intention or desired consequence of an act using contraception correct answer: Spouses want to suspend or to eliminate fertility, thus avoiding conception and procreation of a child. Object or means in an act using NFP correct answer: To promote fertility and to conceive a child or to avoid conception, spouses observe naturally occurring signs of fertility during the menstrual cycle. Spouses either totally give themselves to one another in the personal loving communion of love or abstain from the act during the fertile phase of the cycle, allowing their bodies to speak the true language of love and the gift of self to one another. Object or means in an act using contraception correct answer: Through the use of a pharmaceutical, chemical or physical barrier to frustrate the purpose or end of the reproductive system, spouses deliberately disrupt and disorder fertility, preventing and avoiding conception. This results in an act that offends love as spouses deliberately use one another for sexual gratification while preventing union and the total giving of themselves, thus the most intimate language of love is falsified and becomes a lie. BELL QUIZ 1-4 correct answer: True or False: In all women, menstruation occurs every 28 days. correct answer: False True or False: A woman is born with all of the oocytes (ova, eggs) that she will ever have. correct answer: True True or False:Sperm need cervical mucus to survive for more than a few hours. correct answer: True True or False: Pregnancy can occur without the couple having full genital intercourse correct answer: True True or False: A woman cannot become pregnant the first time that she has genital intercourse. correct answer: False True or False: Usually one oocyte will be ovulated during a woman's menstrual (reproductive) cycle. correct answer: True True or False: Ovulation in each cycle occurs only on one day during the cycle, and the day varies among women and cycles. correct answer: True True or False: Ovulation is the release on an oocyte (ovum ,egg) from an ovarian follicle. correct answer: True The source of estrogen in a woman's body is the ____ in the ovary. correct answer: follicle The source of progesterone in a woman's body is the __ in the ovary. correct answer: corpus luteum The source of GnRH in a woman's body is the __ of the brain. correct answer: hypothalamus The source of FSH and LH in a woman's body is the __ gland. correct answer: pituitary The function of progesterone in a woman's body is to prepare the __ for implantation of an embryo and to prevent ovulation by inhibiting LH. correct answer: uterus __ inhibits the secretion of __, thus preventing another follicle from maturing for ovulation. correct answer: Inhibin or Estrogen FSH BELL QUIZ 1-5 correct answer: True or False: Men develop thousands of new sperm cells every day. correct answer: True True or False: Women are fertile because they can have babies, thus men are not considered to be fertile. correct answer: False True or False: A woman can conceive anytime she has genital intercourse during her menstrual cycle. correct answer: False True or False: Ovulation always occurs on the fourteenth day of each menstrual cycle. correct answer: False True or False: Reproductive hormones in men are secreted at almost constant levels from puberty to death. correct answer: True True or False: Life begins when the baby is implanted in the uterus. correct answer: False True or False: The terms menstrual cycle, menstruation, and menstrual period all have the same meaning. correct answer: False True or False: The gender of the baby is determined by the sex chromosomes in the mother's egg. correct answer: False True or False: Fertilization occurs when the sperm penetrates the egg. correct answer: True True or False: Conception takes place in the ovary. correct answer: False BELL QUIZ 2-1 correct answer: True or False: A correctly positioned placenta is called a placenta praevia. correct answer: False True or False: Eclampsia is a toxic disturbance of late pregnancy. correct answer: True True or False: Chorioamnionitis is the normal rupture of the extraembryonic membranes in anticipation of birth. correct answer: False True or False: Abnormal pregnancies include genetic conditions such as Down Syndrome, other trisomy-related genetic issues, and a variety of other genetic concerns. correct answer: True True or False: Ectopic pregnancy is the same as intrauterine pregnancy. correct answer: False True or False: Ectopic pregnancy can always be ethically treated with MTX. correct answer: False True or False: The medical condition resulting from an ectopic pregnancy can sometimes be ethically treated by salpingostomy. correct answer: True True or False: A moral act may be neutral, good, or evil, but the intention of the acting agent is either good or evil. correct answer: True True or False: Direct abortion is unreasonable and against the natural moral law. correct answer: True True or False: The PDE cannot be applied to acts that produce two effects: one good and the other evil. correct answer: False BELL QUIZ 2-2 correct answer: Ethically acceptable treatment correct answer: A. Salpingectomy Active itself must be correct answer: E. Good Intention, purpose or goal correct answer: B. Save Mother Object, action or what is being done correct answer: C. Surgery Effects compared correct answer: C. Proportional BELL QUIZ 2-3 correct answer: The ___________ prevented the use of federal funds for the production and use of human embryos for research purposes correct answer: Dickey Amendment The ________ propose(s) that the early human embryo must never be used as a means for the benefit of others. correct answer: authors of the book Embryo: A Defense of Human Life In 1998, the _________ again recommended that destructive research be permitted on human embryos left over from IVF, but the funding of the production of embryos for research purposes and the use of SCNT technology in human oocytes to generate stem cells for research be prohibited. correct answer: National Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) In 1994, the ___________ recommended that embryo research be permitted for the purposes of developing IVF techniques and for the study of embryonic stem (ES) cells correct answer: Human Embryo Research Panel (HERP) In 1978, the __________ concluded that early embryos within the first fifteen days of development could be used legally for research to improve embryo technology (IVF). correct answer: Ethics Advisory Board (EAB) The name of the frozen embryonic human person rescued in New Orleans is _______. correct answer: Noah Markum The first child that was produced in 1978 using embryo technology is _________. correct answer: Louise Brown _________ is the scientist who advocates research on human embryos for the advancement of the human race through genetic engineering. correct answer: Lee Silver The inventor of a successful mammalian cloning technique is ______. correct answer: Ian Wilmut The inventor of a human stem cell production technique is _______. correct answer: James Thomson BELL QUIZ 2-4 correct answer: _______ is an alternative to the use of ES that avoids the problem of tissue rejection. correct answer: Adult Stem Cell Techonology __________ (cloning technique of transfer of a nucleus from a body cell to an enucleated ovum) has been suggested by some scientists to be applicable to the cloning of human embryos for research purposes and for the generation of spare tissues and organs correct answer: SCNT Technology Claims against full moral respect being given to human embryos include the claim that human embryos lack _________ from the first moment of conception. correct answer: personhood The production of embryonic stem cells and the cloning of Dolly advanced the field of __________. correct answer: Embryo Technology _________ is a very dubious area of therapeutic development for which an alternative has already been found and the alternative is being used currently and on a regular basis to treat cancer. correct answer: Embryo Stem Cell Technology a stem cell from blastocyst correct answer: Pluripotent stem cells have the capacity to become any type of tissue in the mature organism, but they cannot generate a whole new organism Embryonic stem cells are highly valued because... correct answer: Totipotent ESC can become any cell type; in fact, a whole human organism could be generated from such a cell. embryology correct answer: study of embryos embryo ethics correct answer: what ought to be done and what ought not to be done to human embryos embryo science correct answer: scientific evaluation of possible uses of embryos and applications of discoveries made in embryology What is IVF? correct answer: in vitro fertilization (literally fertilization in glass) List five steps in the whole process of IVF from collection of gametes to birth: correct answer: 1. hyperstimulation of ovaries by injection of drugs causing rapid growth of multiple follicles 2. masturbation to collect sperm 3. fertilization by combining sperm and eggs 4. selecting embryos and transferring them into uterus 5. freezing for later use or killing of extra embryos What would you say to help your friend to understand why his parents chose IVF? correct answer: Spouses want their love to be fruitful. If they are infertile, they might go to any length to have children. Does IVF cure parents' infertility? correct answer: No, IVF bypasses infertility. What would you recommend instead of IVF and why? correct answer: NaPro Technology often cures infertility and it doesn't manufacture children or treat them like products. What would you do to help the Church and our school to respect everyone, whether he or she was manufactured by a technician using IVF or conceived in a conjugal act of intimate personal loving union? correct answer: Everyone has an invaluable dignity that must be respected. True or False: ART stands for both assisted and artificial reproductive technologies according to secular sources. correct answer: False True or False: ART stands only for assisted reproductive technology according to most secular sources. correct answer: True True or False: ART really stands for both assisted and artificial reproductive technology according to most ethicists in the Church. correct answer: True True or False: According to the Church all artificial RTs are ethically unacceptable because a technician separates the unitive and procreative aspects of the conjugal act and produces a child as a product of technology. correct answer: True True or False: An ART is ethically unacceptable if it separates the unitive and procreative aspects of the conjugal act, thus replacing the conjugal act with a technology. correct answer: True True or False: Artificial Insemination (AI) replaces the conjugal act only if surrogacy is involved. correct answer: False True or False: Cloning involves assisting reproduction but not actually manufacturing a child. correct answer: False Name 2 artificial RTs correct answer: IVF + AI (artificial insemination) Name 1 assisted RT correct answer: NaPro Technology List three considerations when judging an artificial reproductive technology: correct answer: 1. Does it keep the conjugal act intact? 2. Does it respect the dignity of the child? 3. Does it respect the dignity of the spouses? True or False: In ART, homologous refers to being related by marriage. correct answer: True True or False: Surrogacy and egg donation use a person as a means to an end and violate the personalistic norm. correct answer: True True or False: ET stands for embryo transfer. correct answer: True True or False: SIFT or ZIFT is surrogate intrafallopian injection or insemination. correct answer: False True or False: GIFT is gamete intrafallopian embryo transfer. correct answer: False True or False: ICSI is intercellular cytoplasmic insemination. correct answer: False True or False: The correct sequence of IVF and ET is: hyperstimulation, collection of gametes, IVF or IVF with ICSI, genetic screening/testing, sorting and culling, ET, intrauterine injection, gestation, selective abortion, gestation, birth correct answer: True True or False: IVF has a typical efficiency of 80 to 100%? correct answer: False True or False: Surrogacy is the service of conceiving and/or gestating a child either for pay or not for pay. correct answer: True True or False: Cloning refers to one of three technologies: 1. gene cloning or DNA cloning or recombinant cloning, 2. reproductive cloning (SCNT), 3. therapeutic cloning (SCNT) correct answer: True True or False: It is ethically licit (acceptable) and sometimes necessary to assist married couples in some aspect of the voluntary conjugal act or sexual intercourse and its sequelae, consequences or effects. correct answer: True Give the time period: Egg donation becomes popular correct answer: 1990s Give the time period: IVF starts and birth of Louise Brown correct answer: 1970s Give the time period: 300 IVF clinics correct answer: 1990s Give the time period: first successful artificial insemination of humans to treat infertility correct answer: 1800s Give the time period: first successful artificial insemination of animals to control fertility correct answer: 1700s Give the time period: Sperm Bank of California makes donations available to unmarried women correct answer: 1980s Give the time period: George Washington University researchers performed twin-splitting on human embryos correct answer: 1990s Give the time period: preimplantation genetic diagnosis used to select an embryo to produce a child to serve as a donor of stem cells from umbilical cord blood to save a sibling suffering from a terminal disease (anemia/leukemia) correct answer: 2000s Give the time period: U.K. sanctioned cloning for therapeutic use correct answer: 1990s Give the time period: first human embryos produced using the technique of nuclear transplantation (Advanced Cell Technology) correct answer: 2000s Give the time period: about 400,000 frozen embryos stored at US IVF facilities correct answer: 2000s Other than the separation of the unitive and procreative aspects of the conjugal act, what is ethically unacceptable about using IVF technology with regard to the dignity of the man? correct answer: masturbation disrespects his dignity Other than the separation of the unitive and procreative aspects of the conjugal act, what is ethically unacceptable about using IVF technology with regard to the dignity of the woman? correct answer: hyperstimulation of her ovaries and collection of her eggs disrespects her dignity Other than the separation of the unitive and procreative aspects of the conjugal act, what is ethically unacceptable about using IVF technology with regard to the dignity of the child? correct answer: manufactured by a technician, treating them as manufactured products and disrespecting their dignity What is ethically unacceptable about egg donation, specifically with regard to the woman? correct answer: she is used to produce eggs like an egg production facility, disrespecting her dignity What is ethically unacceptable about egg donation, specifically with her posterity (potential children)? correct answer: her children are her responsibility and she is giving them away or selling them for profit, thus disrespecting them ART correct answer: artificial (assisted) reproductive technology AI correct answer: artificial insemination; Injecting semen into the uterus by artificial means GIFT correct answer: gamete intrafallopian transfer; procedure in which the sperm and ovum are placed directly in a fallopian tube SIFT correct answer: sperm intrafallopian transfer; sperm inserted are placed directly in a fallopian tube ZIFT correct answer: zygote intrafallopian transfer; Like GIFT, except fertilization occurs similarly to IVF, and the resulting zygote(s) is transferred to a fallopian tube IVF with ICSI correct answer: IVF, sperm injection is used to enhance fertility when infertility is caused by low sperm quality ET correct answer: embryo transfer; a procedure in which an embryo is implanted into a woman's uterus homologous correct answer: the process in which a husband's sperm is mechanically injected into his wife's vagina to fertilize her eggs heterologous correct answer: the process in which donor sperm is mechanically injected into a woman's vagina to fertilize her eggs surrogate correct answer: a woman who is paid who carries a baby for the parents donor correct answer: someone who gives eggs or sperm for couples to use to reproduce SCNT correct answer: Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technique used for reproductive cloning reproductive cloning correct answer: technology that produces genetically identical individuals therapeutic cloning correct answer: the cloning of human cells by nuclear transplantation for therapeutic purposes, such as the generation of embryonic stem cells to treat disease 1. True or False ART stands for authentic reproduction technology, according to the American Medical Association. correct answer: False 2. True or False ART stands for assisted reproductive technology, according to the CDC. correct answer: True 3. True or False ART stands for both assisted and artificial reproductive technology, according to the Church. correct answer: True 4. True or False All ARTs are ethically unacceptable, with the exception of many artificial reproductive technologies. correct answer: False 5. True or False Only ARTs that replace the conjugal act with technology are ethically acceptable. correct answer: False 6. True or False Only ARTs that assist the conjugal act with technology but do not replace the conjugal act are ethically acceptable. correct answer: True 7. True or False The integrity of the unitive aspect with the procreative aspect of the conjugal act must be intact for the act to be ethically unacceptable. correct answer: False 8. True or False The integrity of the unitive aspect with the procreative aspect of the conjugal act must be intact for the act to be ethically acceptable. correct answer: True 9. True or False There are two ways to reproduce (procreate): 1) naturally by means of an unassisted or an assisted conjugal act or 2) artificially by separating the unitive from the procreative aspects of the conjugal act and replacing the act with a technology and a third person (technician). correct answer: True 10. True or False The CDC has total regulatory power over all IVF clinics. correct answer: False 11. True or False The developers of IVF technology were Sir (Professor) Robert G. Edwards and Dr. Patrick C. Steptoe. correct answer: True 12. True or False Edwards and Steptoe, like President Obama, won the Nobel Peace Prize for their peacemaking efforts. correct answer: False 13. True or False The Church opposes all ARTs, including both assisted and artificial reproductive technologies. correct answer: False 14. True or False IUI or artificial insemination involves the injection of spermatozoa into a woman's reproductive tract, and as such, the procedure separates the unitive and procreative aspects of the conjugal act and destroys it by replacing the act with a technology/technician, but some ethicists believe that AI can be practiced ethically. correct answer: True 15. True or False If the act of IUI or artificial insemination (AI) involves masturbation, it contains an intrinsically evil object and as such, the act would be ethically unacceptable. correct answer: True 16. True or False IUI or artificial insemination, IVF and SCNT are three primary technologies used for the manufacture of human embryos wherein human persons are dominated and manipulated by a third person (technician) causing a child to be brought into being as a product of technology. correct answer: True 17. True or False The correct order of coming into existence and subsequent development is: fusion of gametes, fertilization, zygote, embryo, implantation, fetus. correct answer: True 18. True or False Gametogenesis is the biological process of developing sperm or eggs. correct answer: True 19. True or False In ART, homologous refers to being related by marriage. correct answer: True 20. True or False In ART, heterologous refers to being related by marriage. correct answer: False 21. True or False Surrogacy and egg donation use a person as a means to an end and violates the personalistic norm. correct answer: True 22. True or False ET stands for embryo transfer. correct answer: True 23. True or False SIFT or ZIFT is surrogate intrafallopian injection or insemination. correct answer: False 24. True or False GIFT is gamete intrafallopian embryo transfer. correct answer: False 25. True or False ICSI is intercellular cytoplasmic insemination. correct answer: False 26. True or False The correct sequence of IVF and ET is: hyperstimulation, collection of gametes, IVF or IVF with ICSI, genetic screening/testing, sorting and culling, ET, intrauterine injection, gestation, selective abortion, continued gestation of selected fetus, birth. correct answer: True 27. True or False IVF has a typical efficiency of 80 to 100%. correct answer: False 28. True or False Though a surrogate conceives and/or gestates a child for pay, typically the child legally belongs to the genetic father or mother and/or whoever contracted and paid for the service of surrogacy. correct answer: True 29. True or False Surrogacy is the act of using of one woman's body for the conception and/or gestation of a child for another woman either for pay or not for pay. correct answer: True 30. True or False Cloning refers to one of three technologies: 1) gene cloning or DNA cloning or recombinant cloning, 2) reproductive cloning (SCNT), 3) therapeutic cloning (SCNT). correct answer: True 31. True or False Gene cloning is conducted directly in human beings to study genes and gene products (proteins). correct answer: False 32. True or False Gene cloning is conducted in bacteria to manufacture protein pharmaceuticals or vaccines. correct answer: True 33. True or False Twin fission cloning is reproductive cloning. correct answer: True 34. True or False SCNT is reproductive cloning developed by Dr. Ian Wilmut. correct answer: True 35. True or False The American Medical Association and the American Association for the Advancement of Science have issued formal public statements promoting human reproductive cloning. correct answer: False 36. True or False Reproductive cloning has been largely successful for the production of animals and is now a standard production technology. correct answer: False 37. True or False Therapeutic cloning, also called "embryo cloning," is the production of human embryos using SCNT for use in clinical research trials (experiments) . correct answer: True 38. True or False The ultimate goal of therapeutic cloning is to create cloned human beings not stem cells. correct answer: False 39. True or False The ultimate goal of therapeutic cloning is to harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development in the treatment of disease. correct answer: True 40. True or False It is ethically acceptable in an emergency to assist the voluntary conjugal act of sexual intercourse by completely separating the unitive and procreative elements of the act . correct answer: False 41. True or False It is never ethically acceptable to separate the unitive aspect from the procreative aspect of the voluntary conjugal act of sexual intercourse. correct answer: True 42. True or False It is ethically licit (acceptable) and sometimes necessary to assist married couples in some aspect of the voluntary conjugal act of sexual intercourse and its sequelae, consequences or effects. correct answer: True 43. Give the time period: Egg donation becomes popular correct answer: 1990s 44. Give the time period: IVF starts and birth of Louise Brown correct answer: 1970s 45. Give the time period: 300 IVF clinics correct answer: 1990s 46. Give the time period: first successful artificial insemination of humans to treat infertility correct answer: 1800s 47. Give the time period: first successful artificial insemination of animals to control fertility correct answer: 1700s 48. Give the time period: Sperm Bank of California makes donations available to unmarried women correct answer: 1980s 49. Give the time period: George Washington University researchers performed twin-splitting on human embryos correct answer: 1990s 50. Give the time period: preimplantation genetic diagnosis used to select an embryo to produce a child to serve as a donor of stem cells from umbilical cord blood to save a sibling suffering from a terminal disease (anemia/leukemia) correct answer: 2000s 51. Give the time period: U.K. sanctioned cloning for therapeutic use correct answer: 1990s 52. Give the time period: first human embryos produced using the technique of nuclear transplantation (Advanced Cell Technology) correct answer: 2000s 53. Give the time period: about 400,000 frozen embryos stored at US IVF facilities correct answer: 2000s 54. IVF stands for correct answer: C. In vitro fertilization 55. Three steps in the process of IVF in the correct order are correct answer: hyperstimulation, collection of gametes, IVF or IVF with ICSI, genetic screening/testing, sorting and culling, ET intrauterine injection, gestation, selective abortion D.All of the above 56. For a married couple, what is ethically unacceptable about using IVF technology with regard to the dignity of the man, of the woman and of the child? correct answer: he performs masturbation, she is manipulated and hyperstimulated with potentially dangerous hormone analogs, reduction of child to a product made by a third party (technician) Gives his posterity (potential children) to a technician, manipulates her posterity by forcing her to hyperovulate, child is unsafely manipulated as a commodity in a manufacturing process His dignity is violated as he is reduced to the role of a sperm donor, her dignity is violated as she is reduced to the role of an egg donor, child's dignity and right to conception in the child's mother as the fruit of intimate physical union in the marital embrace are violated D. All of the above 57. What is ethically unacceptable about egg donation, specifically with regard to the woman and her posterity correct answer: C. typically pays for her college education by selling her posterity, thus violating her dignity and the dignity of her potential children by using her own body for profit and by selling her potential children 58. Why do infertile couples choose IVF? correct answer: They feel that they can solve their serious infertility problem and respond to the powerful urge to reproduce. They feel that they have a right to children because they are married or that they are sexually mature adults that strongly desire to actualize their own posterity and that they are entitled to do so. It is an old relatively accepted, relatively reliable and relatively safe technology that is available to almost anyone. D. All of the above 59. What would you recommend to an infertile married couple instead of IVF? correct answer: NaPro Technology Adoption D. Some of the above 60. Infertility is correct answer: A. A relatively common problem that causes much stress and real life drama in a typical marriage BELL QUIZ 4-1 correct answer: Give the date: Lambeth Conference proclaims to Anglicans (Episcopalians) that contraception may be used by married couple for grave reasons and Pope Pius XI issues Casti Connubii, a statement on Christian marriage condemning contraception. correct answer: 1930 and 1931 Give the date: Margaret Sanger, a eugenicist, established the first birth control clinic, which was essentially the beginning of Planned Parenthood. correct answer: 1916 and 1918 Give the date: 10.7 million American women are on the Pill. correct answer: 1980s Give the date: Roe v. Wade and Doe v. Bolton - Supreme Court considers and strikes down laws criminalizing abortion correct answer: Give the date: In the decade before the _______: FDA approved Enovid (the Pill at a lower dosage) and 1.2 million American women went on the Pill, the Supreme Court ruled in Griswold v. Connecticut that Connecticut's law prohibiting birth control for married couples violated privacy, ended with over 6 million women on the Pill, Humanae Vitae issued by Pope Paul VI confirmed the Church's ban on contraception and encouraged the use of NFP, no fault divorce laws were established. correct answer: 1970s What is the object, action, or means used to avoid conception by spouses using [NFP] compared to that of spouses using a contraceptive? correct answer: Spouses want to either track their fertility or abstain from it. What is the object, action, or means used to avoid conception by spouses using NFP compared to that of spouses using a [contraceptive]? correct answer: Spouses reject fertility and conception even to the point of injuring or eliminating fertility. They use each other for sexual gratification while rejecting their fertility. Their bodies speak the most intimate language of love, but their disordered act offends love because conception and fertility are rejected and prevented through use of a chemical or physical barrier to frustrate the purpose (goal or end) and integrity of their reproductive systems. List one contraceptive drug or pharmaceutical correct answer: the Pill List one contraceptive chemical barrier that is not a drug or pharmaceutical correct answer: spermicides List one contraceptive physical barrier correct answer: condoms BELL QUIZ 4-2 correct answer: True or False: Chemical contraception is mainly used by males and includes condoms and IUDs. correct answer: False True or False: Physical barriers such as Provero provide an ethical means for a married couple to regulate fertility. correct answer: False True or False: So-called birth control pills are efficacious in the prevention of conception because they disorder the health of the reproductive system through large doses of steroid hormone analogs. correct answer: True True or False: If ovulation occurs while a sexually active woman is practicing contraception through the use of birth control pills, other pharmaceuticals or physical devices such as IUDs, it is possible for conception to occur followed by abortion of the embryo. correct answer: True True or False: Abortifacients are a broad class of contraceptives that cause the abortion of the embryo. correct answer: True List 5 effects on contraception. correct answer: 1. abortifacient effect (fertilized egg can't implant in the endometrium) 2. marital effects (cheapens sexual act; more promiscuity and divorces) 3. impedes on establishment of healthy marriages and family life 4. children are reduced to a cause of suffering, etc. 5. facilitated the sexual revolution BELL QUIZ 4-3 correct answer: True or False: Sterilization is reasonable, even though it involves self-mutilation, because sterilization is used to restore healthy fertility. correct answer: False True or False: Women will be truly happy if: they work outside the home, do not practice chastity, do not have more than one or two children, establish their career before establishing their family and put fun, pleasure, comfort, and themselves, instead of others, at the center of their lives. correct answer: False True or False: Men should not have to worry about controlling their sexual desires for their spouses in marriage. correct answer: False True or False: Children humanize a married couple and help married couples as lovers to grow in virtue, children are a manifestation of the couple's love for one another. correct answer: True True or False: "It is certainly less serious to deny children certain comforts or material advantages than to deprive them of the presence of brothers and sisters, who could help them to grow in humanity and to realize the beauty of life at all its ages and in all its variety." correct answer: True Please explain why women's happiness has been steadily declining since the sexual revolution of the 1960s. correct answer: Unrealistic expectations about sex, marriage, children and career, discrimination against homemakers, likely neuropsychological influence of contraceptives, contraceptive mentality Please explain why children often are viewed as something to be feared. correct answer: Roe v. Wade essentially classified pregnancy and children as medical problems, they require self-sacrifice. Please explain why homosexual acts are like contracepted heterosexual acts correct answer: Both are non fertile and non unitive acts of use of one person by another for selfish sexual pleasure Please explain why Italy suffered a disproportionate number of deaths (14% of cases) due to Covid 19. correct answer: Italy has a disproportionate number of elderly people. Please relate contraception to the frequency of death due to Covid 19 in Italy. correct answer: Contraceptive mentality radically reduced the fertility rate resulting in a disproportionate number of elderly BELL QUIZ 5 INTRO correct answer: Explain the principle of totality to your coworker by applying the principle of totality in an ethical analysis of her planned direct sterilization by tubal ligation, using PDE if you wish. correct answer: tubal ligation uses an evil means of self mutilation, violating the PDE and totality Contrast her planned direct sterilization by tubal ligation to the indirect sterilization by double ovariectomy suffered by her sister by applying the principle of totality in an ethical analysis of indirect sterilization, using PDE if you wish. correct answer: indirect sterilization respects the PDE and totality but direct sterilization respects neither the PDE nor totality; indirect sterilization seeks to preserve totality (health) while tolerating the evil of sterilization, but direct sterilization uses the evil of sterilization to destroy the totality (health) of a functioning organ system. Apply the principle of totality in an ethical analysis of organ donation, using PDE if you wish, and explain to your coworker why it is not ethical for her to donate her ovary but that it would be ethical to donate her kidney to her sister if she needed one. correct answer: Organ donation is licit (ethical) if the integrity (totality and health including posterity) of the donor will not be compromised in the long term, thus a donor should never donate a reproductive organ such as an ovary or a testis or a paired vital organ such as an eye or a non-paired vital organ such as the heart or the brain. Which cardinal virtue should inform a decision to donate an organ? correct answer: Prudence (right reason) Which theological virtue should inform a decision to donate an organ? correct answer: Charity (willing the good of another person) BELL QUIZ 5-1 correct answer: Explain the principle of totality. correct answer: Body parts (i.e. organs, digits, etc.) are ordered for the good of the whole person, but a diseased part may be removed or debilitated for the good of the whole person, if that part cannot safely perform its function. Apply the principle to direct sterilization (e.g., vasectomy or tubal ligation). correct answer: An individual may not dispose of his organs or destroy their capacity to function. Apply the principle to indirect sterilization/therapeutic surgery (e.g., testicular or ovarian cancer) correct answer: An individual may dispose of his organs or destroy their capacity to function to the extent that this is necessary for the general well-being of the whole body. How can the principle of totality be derived from PDE? correct answer: Under the principle of double effect, one may dispose of his/her organs or destroy his/her capacity to reproduce if this is necessary for the general healing and well-being of the whole body. Surgically or chemically altering reproductive organs as a therapeutic measure to restore one's health is ethically licit. The evil effect of losing one's fertility is considered a tolerated evil while the restoration of one's health is a good effect. How could it be ethical for a living person to donate an organ? correct answer: A living person may donate an organ if the integrity (totality and health including posterity) of the donor will not be compromised in the long term. Which theological virtue should inform the person donating an organ? correct answer: Charity What cardinal virtue should inform the person donating an organ? correct answer: Prudence List one effect of direct sterilization on: Women correct answer: Objectification/object of sexual pleasure that is convenient to use List one effect of direct sterilization on: Men correct answer: Weakens virtue of self-control, temperance, chastity and relaxes sexual responsibility List one effect of direct sterilization on: Children correct answer: Viewed as undesirable inconvenience List one effect of direct sterilization on: Family correct answer: Increases divorce and adultery injuring familial bonds and relationships List one effect of direct sterilization on: Marriage correct answer: Weakens marital bonds, promotes adultery and injures familial bonds List one effect of direct sterilization on: Society correct answer: Reduces fertility rates resulting in fewer children and young people and too many elderly, shifts age demographics and proportions of young to elderly, weakens fundamental unit of society - the family, weakens the economy, reduces the common good List one effect of direct sterilization on: World correct answer: Weak societies enable the strong to victimize the weak, resulting in war BELL QUIZ 6-2 correct answer: True or False: Spontaneous abortion and induced abortion are essentially the same things − involuntary actions. correct answer: False True or False: Indirect abortion is the unintended death of the embryo or fetus usually caused by surgery. correct answer: True True or False: Direct abortion is the voluntary and deliberate removal of a developing embryo or fetus with the intention (end or goal) of terminating pregnancy by killing (means) the embryo or fetus. correct answer: True True or False: An actual human life is only potentially a person. correct answer: False True or False: The zygote is a cell, "an embodied process in stasis that only has the life expectancy on the order of hours because it is not self-sustaining; it cannot sustain its energy demands." correct answer: False True or False: The ovum is an organism, "an embodied process that has a life expectancy on the order of decades precisely because it has the capability to sustain itself as an independent entity." correct answer: False True or False: About 50% of women now seeking abortion have had at least one previous abortion. correct answer: True True or False: There is an association between an increased chance of contracting breast cancer and abortion. correct answer: True True or False: There are some 1.31 million abortions in U.S. each year and that number is greatly increasing each year. correct answer: False True or False: There would be about 50% more people your age had abortion never been legalized. correct answer: False True or False: It would never be ethically acceptable to take Plan B (levonorgestrel) after being raped. correct answer: False True or False: The act of preventing conception (intention) by taking levonorgestrel to temporarily prevent ovulation (means) and to reduce sperm viability (means) after being raped (circumstances) is ethically acceptable. correct answer: True True or False: Clinical data must be collected on a victim of rape before levonorgestrel may be administered ethically. correct answer: True True or False: Direct abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy is typically accomplished by instillation. correct answer: False True or False: Direct abortion in the second trimester of pregnancy is typically accomplished by suction curettage. correct answer: False True or False: Both premature birth and direct abortion in the third trimester respect the constitutional rights of the child. correct answer: False True or False: Due to a lack of scientific knowledge, for centuries it was thought that a baby was present in a pregnant woman only if quickening or movement of the baby was felt by the woman. correct answer: True True or False: By the time of the Civil War, it was known that pregnancy begins with the conception of a new human person. correct answer: True True or False: The following statement by Justice Sandra Day O'Connor 'et al' ignores the objective truth determined by embryo science about the beginning of human life: "At the heart of liberty is the right to define one's own concept of existence, of meaning, of the universe, and of the mystery of human life". correct answer: True True or False: The Supreme Court essentially legislated a new right for women to murder an unborn child in Roe v. Wade (1972), but the judicial branch of our government does not have the right to legislate new laws and rights. correct answer: True BELL QUIZ 6-3 (E3 Subj) correct answer: How would a soul-body dualist (Plato) justify abortion? correct answer: the soul will continue to live immortally afterward, and the body corrupts the soul either way How would a mind-body dualist (Descartes) justify abortion? correct answer: the thinking substance (mind) can live without the extended substance (body) How would a Lockean dualist justify abortion? correct answer: properties (such as a person being able to 'consider itself as itself') must be actively possessed or be immediately exercisable for a being to be considered a person How would a brain-body dualist (McMahan) justify abortion? correct answer: people do not come into existence until a brain develops How would a constitutional dualist (Baker) justify abortion? correct answer: the organic body is not itself a person in its early stages, and often is not in its later stages How would a moral dualist justify abortion? correct answer: personhood must be achieved or attained in order to merit moral respect BELL QUIZ 6-3 (E3 Obj) correct answer: True or False: Soul-body dualism is the belief that the body existed before the soul, and if uncorrupted, would continue to live after the soul has died. correct answer: False True or False: Mind-body dualism is the belief that the mind and body are important, but you could exist without your body because the mind is the thing that thinks and controls the body. correct answer: True True or False: Lockean dualism is the belief that a person is identified as the subject of consciousness, which means that only conscious, self-aware persons are properly called persons, as far as Lockean dualists are concerned. correct answer: True True or False: Brain-Body dualism is the belief that the brain is the person. correct answer: True True or False: We experience ourselves as immaterial mind-beings. correct answer: False True or False: We understand our being as "body" not "self". correct answer: False True or False: Human actions are external not internal. correct answer: False True or False: The animalistic or physical aspect of ourselves uses senses for information. correct answer: True True or False: Man has the conscious ability to understand. correct answer: True True or False: Consciousness brings physical and intellectual abilities together. correct answer: True True or False: Plato and Descartes stand out in philosophy because of the importance of their dualistic views. correct answer: True True or False: Plato believed in a brain-body dualism. correct answer: False True or False: Plato believed the body existed before the soul ever did and if that the soul did not corrupt the body, it would continue to live forever. correct answer: False True or False: Plato had little respect for the needs and desires of the human body because Plato believed that the soul is our true nature. correct answer: True True or False: Rene Descartes believed in a type of mind-body dualism. correct answer: True True or False: Descartes believed that there were two important substances: body and mind. correct answer: True True or False: Descartes is famous for having stated his dualistic understanding of the human person as: "I am only a thing that thinks" or "I think; therefore, I am." correct answer: True True or False: Descartes believed that his mind was distinct from his body and therefore you could exist without the body. correct answer: True True or False: Both Plato and Descartes believed that the dead continue to live after the death of their bodies. correct answer: True True or False: John Locke believed that a person is only matter. correct answer: False 1. True or False: Soul-body dualism is the belief that the body existed before the soul, and if uncorrupted, would continue to live after the soul has died. correct answer: False 3. True or False: Lockean dualism is the belief that a person is identified as the subject of consciousness, which means that only conscious, self-aware persons are properly called persons, as far as Lockean dualists are concerned. correct answer: True 5. True or False: We experience ourselves as immaterial mind-beings. correct answer: False 7. True or False: Human actions are external not internal. correct answer: False 9. True or False: Man has the conscious ability to understand. correct answer: True 11. True or False: Plato and Descartes stand out in philosophy because of the importance of their dualistic views. correct answer: True 13. True or False: Plato believed the body existed before the soul ever did and if that the soul did not corrupt the body, it would continue to live forever. correct answer: False 15. True or False: René Descartes believed in a type of mind-body dualism. correct answer: True 17. True or False: Descartes is famous for having stated his dualistic understanding of the human person as "I am only a thing that thinks" or "I think; therefore, I am". correct answer: True 19. True or False: Both Plato and Descartes believed that the dead continue to live after the death of their bodies correct answer: True 21. True or False: Locke viewed the human person as a soul-body unity. correct answer: False 23. True or False: Material dualists believe that when the body begins to develop, the person comes into existence. correct answer: False 25. True or False: Jeff McMahan is an example of a soul-body dualist; he believes that "we do not begin to exist until approximately 28 to 30 weeks after fertilization ... this, of course, is well after our organisms begin to exist." correct answer: False 27. True or False: Plato, Descartes, Locke, and McMahan all believed that the body and its organs could exist by itself. correct answer: False 29. True or False: Man has the conscious ability to know and realize that he is the cause or source of his actions. correct answer: True 31. True or False: There is only a very minor even trivial separation of human beings from animals. correct answer: False 33. True or False: Both man and animals understand their sensations. correct answer: False 35. True or False: Dualists would not consider a fetus a human person because it lacks reasoning and sense capacities correct answer: True 37. True or False: Humans are classified as animals (homo sapiens) and as persons. correct answer: True 39. True or False: Lynn Rudder Baker, a philosopher, believes that a human person is constituted by, but not equal to, a human animal. correct answer: True 41.True or False: Baker states that "the person who is constituted by the organic body might come to be constituted by a different body, even a non-organic body such as a machine." correct answer: True 43. True or False: In the philosophical anthropology of moral dualism, personhood is a stage or a point through which human beings pass, much like passing through infancy, adolescence, adulthood, etc. correct answer: True 45. True or False: The problem with these dualistic views is that they do not express the truth; we must understand that a person's body and mind are simply aspects of one unified entity, one person. correct answer: True 47. True or False: Indirect abortion is the unintended death of the embryo or fetus usually caused by surgery. correct answer: True 49. True or False: An actual human life is only potentially a person. correct answer: False 51. True or False: The ovum is an organism, "an embodied process that has a life expectancy on the order of decades precisely because it has the capability to sustain itself as an independent entity." correct answer: False 53. True or False: There is an association between an increased chance of contracting breast cancer and abortion correct answer: True 55. True or False: There would be about 50% more people your age had abortion never been legalized. correct answer: False 57. True or False: The act of preventing conception (intention) by taking levonorgestrel to temporarily prevent ovulation (means) and to reduce sperm viability (means) after being raped (circumstances) is ethically acceptable. correct answer: True 59. True or False: Direct abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy is typically accomplished by instillation. correct answer: False 61. True or False: Both premature birth and direct abortion in the third trimester respect the constitutional rights of the viable human fetus. correct answer: False 63. True or False: By the time of the Civil War, it was known that pregnancy begins with the conception of a new human person. correct answer: True 65. True or False: The Supreme Court essentially legislated a new right for women to murder an unborn child in Roe v. Wade (1973), but the judicial branch of our government does not have the right to legislate new laws and rights. correct answer: True 2. True or False: Mind-body dualism is the belief that the mind and body are important, but you could exist without your body because the mind is the thing that thinks and controls the body. correct answer: True 4. True or False: Brain-body dualism is the belief that the brain is the essential substance of the person. correct answer: True 6. True or False: We understand our being as "body" not "self". correct answer: False 8. True or False: The animalistic or physical aspect of ourselves uses senses for information. correct answer: True 10. True or False: Consciousness brings physical and intellectual abilities together. correct answer: True 12. True or False: Plato believed in a brain-body dualism. correct answer: False 14. True or False: Plato had little respect for the needs and desires of the human body because Plato believed that the soul is our true nature. correct answer: True 16. True or False: Descartes believed that there were two important substances: body and mind. correct answer: True 18. True or False: Descartes believed that his mind was distinct from his body and therefore you could exist without the body. correct answer: True 20. True or False: John Locke believed that a person is matter only. correct answer: False 22. True or False: Locke believed that a person comes into being or begins to exist when he is capable of reason and reflection. correct answer: True 24. True or False: Material dualists believe that the person begins to exist when his/her brain begins to exist; thus, a person would not exist before his brain begins to develop. correct answer: True 26. True or False: McMahan does not believe that the brain is capable of existing on its own but only as a part of an organism. correct answer: True 28. True or False: A human person comes into existence and has humanness at the moment of conception when his form brings him into existence; thus, prime matter would be infused (actualized) with a soul which is that form. correct answer: True 30. True or False: Consciousness brings physical and sensual abilities together. correct answer: False 32. True or False: Both man and animal have intellectual abilities, bodily actions and experience sensations. correct answer: False 34. True or False: The word "I" expresses the subject of our consciousness and intellectual self; it relates to sensing and perceiving. correct answer: True 36. True or False: Early human beings (e.g., zygotes) are unlike other animals; they possess internal resources and capacities which develop into reasoning. correct answer: True 38. True or False: The relationship between animals and human beings, is not that of a completely common identity; we are human animals, not simply animals. correct answer: True 40. True or False: The "constitution" view is that persons are completely separate from their bodies. correct answer: True 42. True or False: Constitutionalism teaches that human animals come into being after conception as the body constitutes the person. correct answer: False 44. True or False: In contrast to metaphysical dualism, which is concerned with the nature of the human being, in moral dualism, personhood begins when one expresses a certain level of action: cognitive achievement or giving and receiving moral respect, etc. correct answer: True 46. True or False: Spontaneous abortion and induced abortion are essentially the same things − involuntary actions. correct answer: False 48. True or False: Direct abortion is the voluntary and deliberate removal of a developing embryo or fetus with the intention (end or goal) of terminating pregnancy by killing (means) the embryo or fetus. correct answer: True 50. True or False: The zygote is a cell, "an embodied process in stasis that only has the life expectancy on the order of hours because it is not self-sustaining; it cannot sustain its energy demands." correct answer: False 52. True or False: About 50% of women now seeking abortion have had at least one previous abortion. correct answer: True 54. True or False: There are some 1.31 million abortions in U.S. each year, and that number is greatly increasing each year. correct answer: False 56. True or False: It would never be ethically acceptable to take Plan B (levonorgestrel) after being raped. correct answer: False 58. True or False: Clinical data must be collected on a victim of rape before levonorgestrel may be administered ethically. correct answer: True 60. True or False: Direct abortion in the second trimester of pregnancy is typically accomplished by suction curettage. correct answer: False 62. True or False: Due to a lack of scientific knowledge, for centuries it was thought that a baby was present in a pregnant woman only if quickening or movement of the baby was felt by the woman. correct answer: True 64. True or False: The following statement by Justice Sandra Day O'Connor et al ignores the objective truth determined by embryo science about the beginning of human life: "At the heart of liberty is the right to define one's own concept of existence, of meaning, of the universe, and of the mystery of human life". correct answer: True BELL QUIZ 7-1 ON E4 correct answer: True or False: Consequentialist moral philosophies carefully consider the morality or ethical quality of the means chosen to reach an end intended. correct answer: False True or False: Consequentialist moral philosophies carefully consider the end intended but often disregard the morality or ethical quality of the means chosen to reach that end. correct answer: True True or False: Utilitarian moral philosophies attempt to equate happiness with pleasure while ignoring basic goods. correct answer: True True or False: Utilitarian moral philosophies always carefully consider the morality or ethical quality of the means chosen to reach the end of giving the greatest amount of happiness to the most people. correct answer: False True or False: Human fulfillment is found in acting in accord with the natural moral law, with the true human good as the central moral concern; one could say that the fulfillment of the human person is found in acting in full accord with our nature as free rational members of the personal order of being acting toward the true human good. correct answer: True True or False: Kant's moral imperative is an inadequate description of human acts, but it can be supplemented by natural law theory. correct answer: True True or False: Pope Saint John Paul II's personalistic norm was derived from the work of Mill, Bentham and Sidgwick. correct answer: False True or False: Suffering and pain have greater value than pleasure in consequentialist and utilitarian moral philosophies. correct answer: False True or False: Hedonists value pain and suffering over pleasure. correct answer: False True or False: Consequentialist and utilitarian theorists fail when they attempt to make moral decisions based on incommensurable values lacking an objective standard; i.e., without an objective standard there is no way of measuring a multiplicity of values of different kinds, all of which offer different benefits and provide different reasons for action (e.g., healthy food preferences, adequate housing options, clothing types and colors, kinds of education). correct answer: True Case Study: Why would your friend's boyfriend and her mother want her to have an abortion? correct answer: Fear Case Study: What kind of cooperation in evil is evident in this case? correct answer: formal Case Study: Using a moral dualism and a moral philosophy of your choice, explain how her mother and her boyfriend use it to arrive at their erroneous decision. correct answer: Dualism- brain-body, no pain, no reasoning, no person Moral philosophy- Utilitarian kill the child to avoid suffering and increase pleasure for all but the child Case Study: Explain why it's reasonable (ethical) or unreasonable (unethical) for your friend to have the baby and to put him or her up for adoption. correct answer: Adoption is ethical and better than abortion if the mother cannot care for the child but the biological mother's ID might be desired by child and that could cause much suffering and confusion. If the mother or her family can care for and love the child, adoption might not be ethical. BELL QUIZ 7-2 correct answer: True or False: Some abortion clinics obtain and sell fetal body parts, while some IVF clinics obtain and sell eggs and embryos. correct answer: True True or False: Anyone promoting abortion and purchasing embryos, fetuses, body parts or cells from abortionists or IVF clinics cooperates in a grave evil, and they are guilty of remote (distant from the action), mediate (not immediately involved in the action), material (not sharing in the intention) cooperation with that evil. correct answer: False True or Fal