PRAXIS II 5081 SS CONTENT KNOWLEDGE: GEOGRAPHY (2023/2024) GRADED A+

PRAXIS II 5081 SS CONTENT KNOWLEDGE: GEOGRAPHY (2023/2024) GRADED A+ Define the term geography The study of the earth. What do Geographers do? Geographers study physical characteristics of the earth as well as man made borders. Studies location, regional characteristics, spatial relations, and natural and man-made forces. Define physical features study of earth's physical features like climate, land, water and how they develop Define cultural features Compares various cultures, how their lifestyles and customs are affected by their geographical location. How did the agricultural revolution change society? Began 6000 years ago when the plow was invented. Using the plow with domesticated animals people were able to grow crops and become sedentary. This allowed for the flourishing of societies and empires. Commerce increased. Define political science Political science focuses on studying different governments and comparing them to each other. What disciplines are tied to political science. History, sociology, anthropology, and economics. Term state sovereignty. State sovereignty recognizes the division of geographical areas into areas of controlled by various governments or groups of people. The groups control territories and natural resources. Define and discuss the importance of an organism's ability to adapt. When a species relocates from one habitat to another, it must adapt in order to survive. Different animals adapt in different ways through behavior modification as well as physiological changes. Define three different types of interactions that occur between species in an individual habitat. Competition, Predation, and Symbiosis. Describes ways in which human populations modify their surrounding environment for their own needs. The A.R. led to societies beginning to change their surroundings in order to accommodate their needs for shelter and room to cultivate. Clearing ground to make more room for housing and crops, redirecting water for irrigation, and building large scale settlements. Political theory, what are the four major purposes of any given government? Ensuring National Security, Providing public services, Ensure social order, and Make decisions regarding the economy. Term alliances and list six existing examples. NATO, Common Market, EU, UN, Caribbean Community, and Council of Arab Economic Unity. Biodiversity Biodiversity refers to the variety of habitats that exist on the planet, as well as the variety of organisms that can exist within these habitats. The physical geography and climate of North America. The US and Canada have a similar distribution of geographical features in both the east and the west similar fertile plains, shared lakes and rivers, both areas were shaped by glaciers. The physical geography and climate of South Asia. Consists of flood plains, rivers, river systems. Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra. Climate is tropical and desert areas. Largest mineral deposits including iron ore. It holds mountains, plains, plateaus, and numerous islands. Erosion and weathering. Erosion involves movement of any loose material on the earth's surface. Weathering occurs when atmospheric elements affect the earth's service. Transportation and deposition. Transportation refers to loose material moved by wind, water, or ice. Deposition is the result of transportation. Human systems of Australia, Oceana, and Antarctica. South pacific cultures migrated from Southeast Asia creating societies. Europeans then immigrated to these areas and colonized them. Today some of these areas are still under colonial or foreign rule. The physical geography and climate of N. Africa as we as S.E. and Central Asia. This area is complex in it's geographic structure and climate. Earthquakes are common, much of the earth's oil is here too. Large rivers in N. Africa like the Nile provide fertile soils. Extremely arid region. The theory of Plate tectonics. The earth's crust is made up of ten major and several minor plates. They float on earth's mantle, because they float they are constantly moving creating major changes in the earth's surface. This also creates earthquakes. Human systems shaping the culture of East Asia. Governments in E. Asia vary from communist to democratic with some being a combination of both. Isolationism limited contact until the early 20th cent. The World's Population is unevenly distributed here with a large part of it being located here. Physical geography and climate of Europe. Europe spans a variety of climate zones. The east and south are mountain ranges, while the north is dominated by the plains. The long coastline and island nature of some countries climate is often warmer. Many of the Western countries have a warm moderate climate, while the south is dominated by Mediterranean climate. Geography of S.E. Asia. Lies largely on the equator and half the countries are island nations. The island nations feature mountain ranges known as the Ring of Fire. Asia has many rivers as well as natural resources. Physical geography and climate of Latin America. High mountains, wide plains, high altitude plateaus. Numerous natural resources. Climate zone largely tropical, rain forests and savannahs as well as grasslands. Geography and Climate of East Asia. Plentiful mineral resources, long coastlines, sparse farmlands. Surrounded by oceans. Has several climate regions. Typhoons, monsoons, earthquakes, volcanoes, and tsunamis. Human interaction and conflict affects of geographical boundaries. Human interactions have led to divisions of territories into nations. Reasons for conflict: Controls of resources, important trade routes, populations. It also can occur due to religion, political difference, language, and race. Human-environment interaction in terms of geographical study. Studies the way people interact with use and change of environment. The effects, reasons, and consequences f these changes are studied as the ways the environment limits or influences human behavior. Physical geography and climate of Southern Africa. Dominated by plateaus, mountain ranges and large rift valley. It also has contrasting deserts waterfalls, rivers, and lakes. Tropical climate, as well as savannahs, steppes, and desert areas. Three types of plate boundaries. Convergent: Move toward each other, Divergent: Move away from each other, Transform: Slide against each other. Human Systems in S.E. Asia. Colonized by European countries during the 18th and 19th cent. All countries, besides Siam, are independent. Heavily influenced by Buddhism and Islam. Natural disasters constantly disrupt society. Physical geography and climate of Russia. Largest country in the world. Has multiple climate ranges that includes plateau, plains, mountains and tundra. Harsh climate with rivers being frozen for most of the year. Dominated by permafrost. Also has dense woods. Geography of Australia, Oceania, Antarctica. Australia and Oceania: Tropical, islands mountains, deserts and lowlands. Rich forests and wet and dry climates. Antarctica is covered in ice. General composition and structures of cities throughout the world. Cities grow as an area grows. Constantly growing surrounded by metropolitan areas. Contains both urban and suburban sections. Two climates found in high altitudes. Tundra: Marshy plains, frozen long winters. Taiga: south of tundra large forests as well as swamps and marshes. Vertical Climate Exists in high mountain ranges. climate changes the higher you go and life adjusts to the different altitudes. Human Systems of Russia Communist State. USSR. Collapse 1991. Population unevenly distributed 3/4 living in the Ural Mountains. 80% ethnically Russian. Difference between weather and climate One affects temperature and precipitation, wind, and air pressure; the other daily and seasonal conditions average, yearly. Human system and their affects of the earth. Settlements, agriculture, trade, immigration and expansion changes the physical and cultural geography of the earth. Human systems of Southern Africa. Inhabitants are unevenly distributed. AIDS is prevalent in most areas. Widely diverse participation, starvation and poverty is high. Oceans, Seas, Lakes, Rivers, and Canals Largest bodies of water. Generally salt water, smaller bodies of water. Bodies of freshwater found inland. Moving bodies of water. Man-made waterways. Six climates found in the middle latitudes. Mediterranean, Humid-subtropical, Humid-continental, Marine, Steppe, Desert. Human systems of Latin America Portuguese, Spanish languages. originally dominated by European countries. economic issues poverty, and sustainability issues. How are climates divided in low altitudes Divided by Low, Middle, and High. Deserts, savannas and rain forest are low altitudes Human Systems of North America Consists of Canada and the US. Diverse cultures formed with native and immigrated peoples. Both were once ruled by the British. Agriculture is important to both countries as well as the service industry. Cultural makeup of S. Asia Hinduism, Buddhism. British rule for several decades. Mixed religions and languages. Continue to ace social, religious, and economic challenges. Differences between cities N. America wider. European better developed transportation, L. America: Richest inhabitants. Other parts of the world transportation and communication less developed. Factors affecting climate Earth's rotation, seasons, latitude, bodies of water, and mountains. Humans systems of N. Africa, S. and central Asia desert climates forced people to flock toward water sources. Nile river area. Places of creation of many religions. Islam, Christianity, Hinduism. Oil sources and large trade occurs. Development of Communities Access to resources, ability to easily transportation, room for sufficient housing. Mid latitude climates Humid continental, Marine, Steppe, Desert. Human systems influencing Europe wide variety of cultures, ethnic group, physical geographical features, climate, and resource. Greek and Roman influence played major role. Three types of map projections Cylindrical, Conical, Flat-Plane Geographical features of mountains, hills, plains, and valleys. Elevated areas 2000 feet or more. Lower elevation about 500-2000 ft. Flat areas very fertile. Lie between hills and mountains. Analyzing Human population Looking at cities, towns, and other areas, how people have settled, distribution of populations, neighborhoods, industrial areas, transportation etc... Consistent scale map/Thematic map Same scale for the entire map. Constructed by a chosen theme. Four divisions of geographical study and tools Topical, Physical, Regional, Human Map elements Title, Legend, Grid, Directions, Scale, What is Cartography map-making produces details, illustrations, charts, graphs, and globes. Relief Map shows details of various elevations across the area of the map. show additional details such as overall ruggedness or smoothness of an area. Current map projections Winkel, Robinson, Goode, Mercator Mesas Flat, steep-sided mountains or hills Three Ancient Geographers Eratosthenes, Strabo, Ptolemy Difference between equal area and conformal map One is proportional sizes of various areas are accurate, the other representing the correct shape of geographical areas. Ecology, biogeography, ecosystems, biomes, and habitats. environment and all organisms. group of ecosystems. area of specific species usually lives.