4rr‘Short-term responses to the effects of tectonic hazards are more effective than long-term
responses.’ To what extent do you agree? (38 marks) - 2018
Tectonic hazard is a threat caused by the movement of tectonic plates that have the potential
to cause damage to life and infrastructure. Tectonic hazards have occurred through volcanic
eruptions in Montserrat, 1995 and in Nyiragongo, 2021. They can also occur via earthquakes
such as those in Loma Prieta (MEDC) and Haiti (LEDC). The effectiveness of short term and
long term hazards can play a vital role in mitigating the impacts will be evaluated below.
Earthquakes are tectonic hazards associated with seismic shaking originating from a focus
point withing the crust
The Loma Prieta earthquake in California (MEDC), 1989 was a magnitude of 6.9 which hit
California on the 17th October, lasting only 8-15 seconds. However, the intense shaking of the
ground lead to the collapse of 12,000 buildings. The worst disaster was the collapse of the
two-level cypress freeway in Oakland where the failure of 2.0 km killed 42 people and
injured many more. the San Francisco Bay bridge carried an average of 250,000 cars a day
which also collapsed resulting in 1 fatality. As it occurred in an MEDC, the emergency
response services were quick to respond with help and rescue, recovering around 200 people.
60 cars has become trapped from collapsing infrastructure. The short term response of the
emergency services provided helicopters so that they could access areas with severe
collapsed infrastructure. In the long term, the most vulnerable and vital infrastructure have
been
In Montserrat, July 1995 - 1997, an explosive volcano had erupted with magnitude of VEI 3.
An explosive volcano is when higher gas content is released as well as viscous magma which
got shattered into pyroclastic fragments by the explosive gas expansion during the eruption.
Chances Peak, Montserrat is located in the Caribbean island Arc near the Puerto Rico Trench
subduction zone. In the explosion, only 19 deaths occurred due to the early warnings.
,‘Earthquakes only generate hazards at the local scale.’ Discuss. [38]
,
responses.’ To what extent do you agree? (38 marks) - 2018
Tectonic hazard is a threat caused by the movement of tectonic plates that have the potential
to cause damage to life and infrastructure. Tectonic hazards have occurred through volcanic
eruptions in Montserrat, 1995 and in Nyiragongo, 2021. They can also occur via earthquakes
such as those in Loma Prieta (MEDC) and Haiti (LEDC). The effectiveness of short term and
long term hazards can play a vital role in mitigating the impacts will be evaluated below.
Earthquakes are tectonic hazards associated with seismic shaking originating from a focus
point withing the crust
The Loma Prieta earthquake in California (MEDC), 1989 was a magnitude of 6.9 which hit
California on the 17th October, lasting only 8-15 seconds. However, the intense shaking of the
ground lead to the collapse of 12,000 buildings. The worst disaster was the collapse of the
two-level cypress freeway in Oakland where the failure of 2.0 km killed 42 people and
injured many more. the San Francisco Bay bridge carried an average of 250,000 cars a day
which also collapsed resulting in 1 fatality. As it occurred in an MEDC, the emergency
response services were quick to respond with help and rescue, recovering around 200 people.
60 cars has become trapped from collapsing infrastructure. The short term response of the
emergency services provided helicopters so that they could access areas with severe
collapsed infrastructure. In the long term, the most vulnerable and vital infrastructure have
been
In Montserrat, July 1995 - 1997, an explosive volcano had erupted with magnitude of VEI 3.
An explosive volcano is when higher gas content is released as well as viscous magma which
got shattered into pyroclastic fragments by the explosive gas expansion during the eruption.
Chances Peak, Montserrat is located in the Caribbean island Arc near the Puerto Rico Trench
subduction zone. In the explosion, only 19 deaths occurred due to the early warnings.
,‘Earthquakes only generate hazards at the local scale.’ Discuss. [38]
,
