FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING (EXAM TEST)

FUNDAMENTALS OF NURSING (EXAM TEST) - Established nursing as a distinct profession. - Introduced a broad-based liberal education for nurses. - Major reformer in the delivery of care in hospitals. - Introduced standards to control the spread of disease in hospitals. - Major reformer of healthcare in the military. - CORRECT ANSWER-Florence Nightingale Established the American Red Cross - CORRECT ANSWER-Clara Barton Nurse who helped slaves escape to freedom on the Underground Railroad. - CORRECT ANSWER-Harriet Tubman The Union's Superintendent of Female Nurses during the Civil War. - CORRECT ANSWER-Dorothea Dix An infection associated with a healthcare facility, now more commonly called healthcare-associated infection. - CORRECT ANSWER-Nosocomial infection. Founded the Henry Street Settlement in New York to improve the health and social conditions of poor immigrants. Considered the start of public health nursing in the United States. - CORRECT ANSWER-Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster Involves observing, comparing, contrasting, and evaluating the client's condition to determine whether change has occurred. Also involves careful consideration of the client's health status in light of what is expected based on the client's condition, medications, and treatment. - CORRECT ANSWER-Clinical judgment. A reflective thinking process that involves collecting information, analyzing the adequacy and accuracy of the information, and carefully considering the options for action. Used in every aspect of nursing care. - CORRECT ANSWER-Critical thinking. A process by which nurses consider an issue and attempt to find a satisfactory solution to achieve the best outcome. - CORRECT ANSWER-Problem solving. "The diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual and potential health problems." - CORRECT ANSWER-Definition of nursing. (American Nurses Association) A professional strategy to keep up with current clinical knowledge. - CORRECT ANSWER-Continuing education. The informal education that occurs as you move into your new profession. It is knowledge gained from direct experience, observation in the real world, and informal discussion with peers and colleagues. - CORRECT ANSWER-Socialization. This model shows that expertise is not merely a demonstration of skilled application of knowledge, but rather a personal integration of knowledge that requires technical skill, thoughtful application, and insight. Full-spectrum nursing. - CORRECT ANSWERBenner's Model (Patricia Benner, 1984) This phase of Benner's Model begins with the onset of education. "Learning the rules". - CORRECT ANSWER-Stage 1: Novice What are the stages of Brenner's Model? - CORRECT ANSWER-Stage 1: Novice Stage 2: Advanced Beginner Stage 3: Competence Stage 4: Proficient Stage 5: Expert The stage of Brenner's model where this level of nurse is seen as a resource for less experienced nurses. They are able to see the "big picture" and can coordinate services and forecast needs. They are more flexible and fluent with their role and able to adapt to nuances of various patient situations. They plan intuitively as much as consciously. - CORRECT ANSWER-Stage 4: Proficient "Provides a means by which a profession clearly describes the focus of its activities, the recipients of service, and the responsibilities for which its practitioners are accountable." - CORRECT ANSWER-Standards of practice. Who developed the theory of nursing called the Science of Human Caring. This theory describes what caring means from a nursing perspective. - CORRECT ANSWER-Dr. Jean Watson An organized set of related ideas and concepts that helps us find meaning in our experiences, organize our thinking around an idea, and develop new ideas and insights into the work we do. - CORRECT ANSWER-A theory. Ideas that we take for granted. In a theory, they are the ideas that the theorist or researcher presumes to be true and does not intend to test with research. They are statements about concepts or relationships between concepts. - CORRECT ANSWERAssumptions. Aspects of reality that you can observe and experience. The subject matter of a discipline. - CORRECT ANSWER-Phenomena. A mental image of a phenomena. It is formed by generalizing an abstract idea from your experiences and observations of events, objects, and properties, and it exists as a symbol in the mind. - CORRECT ANSWER-Concept. A statement of the meaning of a term or concept that sets forth the concept's characteristics or indicators. May be general or specific. - CORRECT ANSWERDefinition. Systematically describe the linkages and interactions among the concepts of a theory. Taken as a whole, they make up the theory. - CORRECT ANSWER-Statements. The worldview or ideology of a discipline. It includes and guides the values, philosophy, knowledge, theories, and research process of the discipline. - CORRECT ANSWERParadigm. A set of concepts that are related to form a whole or pattern. - CORRECT ANSWERConceptual framework. A symbolic representation of a framework or concepts - a diagram, graph, picture, drawing, or physical model. - CORRECT ANSWER-Model. The type of reasoning whose purpose is to develop an argument or statement based on evidence that will result in a logical conclusion. Nursing theories cannot be based on guesswork, they must be developed on a solid foundation of this. - CORRECT ANSWER-Logical reasoning. A type of reasoning often used in the nursing process. Moves from the specific to the general. "I have specific data out there, and I bring it in to make a generalization." - CORRECT ANSWER-Inductive reasoning. Starts with a general premise and moves to a specific deduction. You have the "big picture" about what is true in general and from there you can figure out logically what is likely to be true for a particular individual. - CORRECT ANSWER-Deductive reasoning. Any nursing theory addresses what four concepts? - CORRECT ANSWER-Person, environment, health, and nursing. What type of reasoning is this scenario an example of? 1. You see an elevated WBC count noted on chart. Temperature: 101ºF, Wound: red and oozing pus. 2. Conclusion: the patient may have an infection. - CORRECT ANSWER-Inductive reasoning. Name that nurse: - "Lady with the Lamp" - Nurse, Epidemiologist, Theorist, Statistician