LOCOMOTOR
WEEK 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 - COMPARATIVE LOCOMOTION .................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 - BONE AND SKELETON ............................................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 - EVOLUTION AS A B ASIS FOR DIVERSITY ....................................................................................................................... 5
1.5 - JOINTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.6 - MUSCLE AND TENDON .............................................................................................................................................. 8
1.7A - TISSUE ADAPTATION (CONNECTIVE ) ....................................................................................................................... 10
1.7B - TISSUE ADAPTATION (B ONE ) ................................................................................................................................. 12
WEEK 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 14
2.3 - MUSCLE CONTRACTION .......................................................................................................................................... 14
2.4 – MUSCLE CONTRACTION .......................................................................................................................................... 17
2.5 - ANIMAL DESIGN .................................................................................................................................................... 19
2.6 – FORELIMB ............................................................................................................................................................. 20
2.7 – HINDLIMB............................................................................................................................................................. 22
2.8 - GAIT AND MUSCLE FUNCTION .................................................................................................................................. 24
,WEEK 1
1.2 COMPARATIVE LOCOMOTION
Explain how the musculoskeletal system is arranged in animals adapted for terrestrial locomotion.
Explain the role of tendon in locomotion and how it interacts with muscle to enhance efficiency and power output.
Discuss difference in limb morphology between different classes of mammal.
Relate cost of locomotion to mode of transport, body mass and morphology
Extra reading = Wilson et al Nature 2003
VO2 – Oxygen used per kg per minute
Running used spring like legs, energy output depends on
tendons or muscles working to create spring effect. Requires
legs that cycle quickly.
Faster = foot on the ground for less time
Duty factor drops
Flexible spine and moving scapula increase effective leg length extension and gait
Legs act in a sequence to form one big leg, this is like galloping (skipping in separate legs)
Tendons put in more work than muscles, plantar flexing by pushing off foot to avoid clunking down on ankle joint. Achilles
tendon flexes much more than muscles contract.
Tendons susceptible to vibrations and therefore they can be damaged, due to the stretchy structure.
Bigger animals have pogo stick legs in order to create compulsion.
Heel wedges, result in reduction of force on navicular bone, DDFT (D digital flexor tendon) acts as spring via accessory ligament
is shorter, reducing the force.
, 1.3 BONE AND SKELETON
Classify bone according to shape (e.g. long bones, flat bones), and giving examples explain how shape relates to
function.
Describe the macroscopic architecture of bone and explain how this organisation relates to function.
Recount the anatomical relationship between bone and peri- and endosteum. Describe the functions of these tissues.
Appreciate that bone is an organ and therefore subject to continual adaptation processes.
Bone = type of connective tissue made of cells suspended in a matrix
➔ 65% mineral compound (hydroxyapeptite)
➔ 30% organic material (collagen)
Dynamic and respond to the environment
Long bones:
3 Main regions of the long bone
Physis - the principle of growth or change in nature
Dia - through/across
Epi - both ends/ outer most part of the bone (beyond growth point)
Epiphyseal plate is used to grow new bone, also
known as a growth plate. Visible on radiographs
Cortical bone is dense and protective layer
Periosteum – protective and allows for absorption
Articular cartilage allows for bones to join
together and function – Smooth gliding and
cushioning
Bone trade offs
- Bones need to be light in order to swing, but strong to withstand pressure
- Cortical layer provides strength and stability, trabecular bone has air spaces in order to create a lightweight bone
- Strong bones required for aggression – rutting in deer with antlers, lightweight in order to carry
- Less energy requires for lightweight bone
- Flying, withstand local strains in bone, light to allow for flight, bones become pneumatised (more air space in bone)
Structural bone differences (non-long bones)
Flat bones:
Scapula, adapted for protective purposes (protect soft tissues or high surface area for muscle attachment)
No medullary cavity, not enough space (have cortical bone and trabecular bone, 2 layers)
Short bones/irregular bone
Found in and around joint, around the wrist.
Develop from single centre of ossification
WEEK 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 2
1.2 - COMPARATIVE LOCOMOTION .................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 - BONE AND SKELETON ............................................................................................................................................... 3
1.4 - EVOLUTION AS A B ASIS FOR DIVERSITY ....................................................................................................................... 5
1.5 - JOINTS .................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.6 - MUSCLE AND TENDON .............................................................................................................................................. 8
1.7A - TISSUE ADAPTATION (CONNECTIVE ) ....................................................................................................................... 10
1.7B - TISSUE ADAPTATION (B ONE ) ................................................................................................................................. 12
WEEK 2 ................................................................................................................................................. 14
2.3 - MUSCLE CONTRACTION .......................................................................................................................................... 14
2.4 – MUSCLE CONTRACTION .......................................................................................................................................... 17
2.5 - ANIMAL DESIGN .................................................................................................................................................... 19
2.6 – FORELIMB ............................................................................................................................................................. 20
2.7 – HINDLIMB............................................................................................................................................................. 22
2.8 - GAIT AND MUSCLE FUNCTION .................................................................................................................................. 24
,WEEK 1
1.2 COMPARATIVE LOCOMOTION
Explain how the musculoskeletal system is arranged in animals adapted for terrestrial locomotion.
Explain the role of tendon in locomotion and how it interacts with muscle to enhance efficiency and power output.
Discuss difference in limb morphology between different classes of mammal.
Relate cost of locomotion to mode of transport, body mass and morphology
Extra reading = Wilson et al Nature 2003
VO2 – Oxygen used per kg per minute
Running used spring like legs, energy output depends on
tendons or muscles working to create spring effect. Requires
legs that cycle quickly.
Faster = foot on the ground for less time
Duty factor drops
Flexible spine and moving scapula increase effective leg length extension and gait
Legs act in a sequence to form one big leg, this is like galloping (skipping in separate legs)
Tendons put in more work than muscles, plantar flexing by pushing off foot to avoid clunking down on ankle joint. Achilles
tendon flexes much more than muscles contract.
Tendons susceptible to vibrations and therefore they can be damaged, due to the stretchy structure.
Bigger animals have pogo stick legs in order to create compulsion.
Heel wedges, result in reduction of force on navicular bone, DDFT (D digital flexor tendon) acts as spring via accessory ligament
is shorter, reducing the force.
, 1.3 BONE AND SKELETON
Classify bone according to shape (e.g. long bones, flat bones), and giving examples explain how shape relates to
function.
Describe the macroscopic architecture of bone and explain how this organisation relates to function.
Recount the anatomical relationship between bone and peri- and endosteum. Describe the functions of these tissues.
Appreciate that bone is an organ and therefore subject to continual adaptation processes.
Bone = type of connective tissue made of cells suspended in a matrix
➔ 65% mineral compound (hydroxyapeptite)
➔ 30% organic material (collagen)
Dynamic and respond to the environment
Long bones:
3 Main regions of the long bone
Physis - the principle of growth or change in nature
Dia - through/across
Epi - both ends/ outer most part of the bone (beyond growth point)
Epiphyseal plate is used to grow new bone, also
known as a growth plate. Visible on radiographs
Cortical bone is dense and protective layer
Periosteum – protective and allows for absorption
Articular cartilage allows for bones to join
together and function – Smooth gliding and
cushioning
Bone trade offs
- Bones need to be light in order to swing, but strong to withstand pressure
- Cortical layer provides strength and stability, trabecular bone has air spaces in order to create a lightweight bone
- Strong bones required for aggression – rutting in deer with antlers, lightweight in order to carry
- Less energy requires for lightweight bone
- Flying, withstand local strains in bone, light to allow for flight, bones become pneumatised (more air space in bone)
Structural bone differences (non-long bones)
Flat bones:
Scapula, adapted for protective purposes (protect soft tissues or high surface area for muscle attachment)
No medullary cavity, not enough space (have cortical bone and trabecular bone, 2 layers)
Short bones/irregular bone
Found in and around joint, around the wrist.
Develop from single centre of ossification
