Test Bank For Abnormal Psychology An Integrative Approach 7th Edition By David H.-Barlow

1. According to the authors of your textbook, the definition of a psychological disorder is associated with ___________. a. stress c. culturally expected responses b. impaired functioning d. psychotic symptoms ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Easy UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Factual 2. Regarding the criteria that define abnormality, it would be correct to state that a. no one criterion has yet been developed that fully defines abnormality. b. personal distress is the one criterion that defines abnormality. c. the criteria differ depending on the cause of the psychological disorder. d. the criteria differ depending on whether the individual has a psychological disorder or a psychological dysfunction. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: 3. The criterion that because a 1 Moderate UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Conceptual a particular behavior be atypical or not culturally expected is insufficient to define abnormality a. behavior that occurs infrequently is considered abnormal in every culture. b. society is less willing to tolerate eccentricity in people who are productive. c. behaviors vary very little from one culture to another. d. many people behave in ways that deviate from the average, but this doesn't mean that they have a disorder. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Difficult UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Conceptual 4. A psychological dysfunction refers to a. a breakdown in cognitive functioning. c. a breakdown in behavioral functioning. b. a breakdown in emotional functioning. d. any one or combination of the above ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Moderate UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Factual 5. Behaviors that deviate from the norm are a. always seen as a disorder if they violate social norms. b. considered a disorder regardless of culture. c. typically seen as a disorder when they impair function. d. never judged on the basis of the person who does them. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: c 1 Difficult UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Conceptual 6. A male college student begins feeling sad and lonely. Although still able to go to classes and work at his job, he finds himself feeling down much of the time and worrying about what is happening to him. Which part of the definition of abnormality applies to his situation? a. Personal distress b. Cultural factors c. Impaired functioning d. Violation of societal norms ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Moderate UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Applied 7. The typical profile or prototype of a disorder reflects the ___________ as described in DSM-IV as well as those emerging from DSM-5. a. theoretical perspectives on abnormality b. treatments for mental disorders c. causes of mental illness d. diagnostic criteria for psychological disorders ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Moderate UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Conceptual 8. Rocky Starr is a rocker who wears outlandish female makeup and women’s clothing when performing on stage. This behavior is considered a. more abnormal than that of a business man who suddenly starts to do so. b. less abnormal than that of the business man because it contributes to his job success. c. less abnormal than that of a female who wears makeup every day. d. just as abnormal as that of the business man who starts wearing makeup. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Moderate UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Applied 9. The scientific study of psychological disorders is called __________. a. psychopathology b. psychoanalysis c. pseudoscience ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d. parapsychology a 1 Easy UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Factual 10. After college graduation, two of your friends are interested in careers in the helping professions. Anna wants to become a psychiatrist; Carl plans on becoming a psychologist. Since you are taking a course in Abnormal Psychology, they ask you for career advice. You would tell a. Anna to apply to medical school and Carl to study psychology at the graduate level. b. Carl to apply to medical school and Anna to study psychology at the graduate level. c. both of them to apply to medical school. d. both of them to apply to graduate school. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Moderate UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Applied 11. Dr. Okalemi Watabe is a mental health practioner. All of the following are ways in which she might function as a scientist-practitioner EXCEPT a. analyzing her own motivations and reasons for helping people with psychological problems. b. evaluating her own assessments and treatments for effectiveness. c. conducting research leading to new information about mental disorders and their treatments. d. using the most ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: current diagnostic and treatment procedures. a 1 Difficult UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Applied 12. A ___________ is what first brought the individual to therapy; the ____________ represents the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder. a. diagnosis; symptoms b. incidence, prevalence c. clinical description; presenting problem d. presenting problem; clinical description ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Moderate UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Conceptual 13. Prevalence refers to a. how many people in the population as a whole have a particular disorder. b. how many new cases of a disorder occur during a given period of time. c. the percentage of males and females who have a disorder. d. how many people have recovered from a disorder in a given period of time. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Easy UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Factual 14. Incidence refers to a. how many people in the population as a whole have a disorder. b. how many new cases of a disorder occur during a given period of time. c. the percentage of males and females who have a disorder. d. how many people have recovered from a disorder in a given period of time. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Moderate UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Factual 15. Statistical data are often relevant when discussing psychological disorders. For example, a researcher might want to know how many new cases of depression are diagnosed each year, a figure called the ___________ of the disorder. a. prevalence c. recurrence ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. incidence d. ratio b 1 Moderate UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Conceptual 16. In terms of their typical patterns, schizophrenia follows a chronic course, while mood disorders, including depression, follow a(n) _____________ course. a. episodic c. guarded b. time-limited d. insidious ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Moderate UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Conceptual 17. A psychological disorder is described as having an acute onset if the symptoms develop __________, while it has an insidious onset if the symptoms develop __________ . a. suddenly; gradually b. suddenly; atypically c. gradually; atypically d. atypically; suddenly ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Moderate UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Conceptual 18. A disorder that comes on slowly is said to have a(n) _______ onset. a. acute c. insidious b. chronic d. overt ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: c 1 Easy UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Factual 19. When Larry was diagnosed with schizophrenia, his family wanted to know how the disorder would affect him and how it would progress. In medical terms, they wanted to know Larry's _______. a. diagnosis b. prognosis c. psychosocial profile d. pathology ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Moderate UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Applied 20. Developmental psychopathology refers to the study of changes in a. abnormal behavior. b. normal behavior. c. children's behavior, both normal and abnormal. d. normal adolescent behavior. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Easy UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Factual 21. Dr. Littlefox studies the origins and causes of psychological disorders, including the biological, psychological, and social dimensions. Dr. Littlefox studies the ___________ of a disorder. a. prognosis c. outcome b. etiology d. psychopathology ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Moderate UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Applied 22. At various times in history, in an attempt to explain problematic, irrational behavior, humans have focused on supernatural causes that include all of the following EXCEPT a. magnetic fields. b. demons and evil spirits. c. bodily humors. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d. the moon and stars. c 1 Moderate UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Conceptual 23. The biological and psychological models or theories of abnormality derived originally from the ancient Greek concept in which the a. mind was considered separate from the body. b. flow of bodily fluids affected behavior and personality. c. female reproductive organs were associated with psychopathology. d. movement of the planets influenced human behavior. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: 24. Since the time of a. brain c. body ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Easy UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Conceptual a 1 Difficult UnderstandingPsychopathology TYPE: Conceptual ancient Greece, the concept of a psyche or soul was similar to that of the _______. b. mind d. blood 25. Toward the end of the 14th century and continuing into the 15th century, the causes of "madness" were generally attributed to a. toxins in the blood. b. religious delusions. c. brain disease. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d. demons and witches. d 1 Moderate TheSupernaturalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 26. Which of the following accurately describes common beliefs about people with psychological disorders during the 14th century? a. They were considered to be suffering from religious delusions and were cared for by members of the church communities. b. They were seen as possessed by evil spirits and blamed for all misfortunes. c. They were regarded as basically good individuals who were not responsible for their abnormal behavior. d. They were provided with medical treatments and sometimes hospitalized because mental illness was regarded as equivalent to physical illness. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Moderate TheSupernaturalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 27. During the Middle Ages, as well as at other times, mentally ill people were sometimes forced to undergo the religious ritual called exorcism in order to a. cure the mental illness by making the individual more religious. b. build up muscle strength and make the person healthier. c. rid the individual's body of evil spirits. d. prove that the person was not a witch. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: c 1 Easy TheSupernaturalTradition TYPE: Factual 28. The treatment given to the mentally ill King Charles VI of France showed that the causes of his disorder were attributed to ______________ phenomena. a. natural b. supernatural c. both natural and supernatural d. neither natural nor supernatural ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: c 1 Difficult TheSupernaturalTradition TYPE: Applied 29. In keeping with an accepted treatment for mental illness in the 14th century, a physician treating King Charles VI of France had him moved to the countryside in order to a. be closer to a hospital that treated mental illness. b. keep him away from his family. c. provide clean air, rest, relaxation, and recreation. d. cure him of hysteria. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: c 1 Difficult TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Applied 30. The belief of homophobic people that the "sin" of homosexuality has resulted in HIV/AIDS is related to the historical concept of ______________ as a cause of madness. a. divine punishment b. faith healing c. hysteria ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d. sorcery a 1 Moderate TheSupernaturalTradition TYPE: Applied 31. One hot and humid night, one of your friends suggests doing some really crazy things. You look up at the sky and say, "It must be the full moon." Your statement reflects the concept from which the word ____________ is derived. a. lunatic c. maniac ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Moderate TheSupernaturalTradition TYPE: Applied ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Moderate TheSupernaturalTradition TYPE: Applied b. idiot d. psychopath 32. During the Middle Ages, groups of people would suddenly exhibit bizarre behavior such as running out into the street, dancing, shouting, and jumping around. This was known as _________. a. tarantism b. lycanthropy c. demonic possession d. the chicken dance 33. The historic belief that the movements and/or positions of the moon, stars, and planets influence human behavior is still held by followers of the pseudoscience called _____________. a. graphology c. astronomy ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. parapsychology d. astrology d 1 Easy TheSupernaturalTradition TYPE: Factual 34. Which of the following is NOT one of the causes of psychopathology suggested by the Greek physician Hippocrates (400 BC)? a. Head trauma c. Genetics ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. Brain pathology d. Spirit possession d 1 Moderate TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Conceptual 35. You are listening to old musical tunes, including "My Melancholy Baby." Your friends are impressed when you tell them that "melancholic," referring to a depressive personality, derives from a Greek word meaning _________. a. blood c. yellow bile ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. phlegm d. black bile d 1 Difficult TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Applied 36. According to Hippocrates' humoral theory, the "choleric" personality is ________. a. hot-tempered c. kind ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. easygoing d. cheap a 1 Moderate TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Conceptual 37. Based on Hippocrates' humoral theory, "sanguine" describes a person who is ________. a. pessimistic c. cheerful b. pale d. humorous ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: LEARNINGOBJECTIVES: OTHER: c 1 Moderate The Biological Perspective Cognero651E6DB160D14381B6F71C9A-3;APALO:1.2.b TYPE: Conceptual 38. In an attempt to rid the body of the excessive humors thought to be causing psychological disorders, physicians throughout history have used treatments such as ________. a. bloodletting c. exorcism ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. induced seizures d. drilling through the skull a 1 Difficult TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Applied 39. Bloodletting, a treatment devised centuries ago to restore the balance of humors, was accomplished with the use of _________. a. needles c. tourniquets ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. leeches d. bacteria b 1 Moderate TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Factual 40. In ancient Greece, a woman suffering from "hysteria" might be told that her condition could be cured by ________. a. marriage c. childbirth b. pregnancy d. divorce ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Moderate TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Conceptual 41. In ancient Greece, "humoral excesses" thought to be causing psychological disorders were treated by a. increasing or decreasing the person's exposure to heat, dryness, moisture, or cold. b. herbal remedies. c. decreasing both caloric and liquid intake. d. lowering the person's body temperature for extended periods of time. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Difficult TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Factual 42. Induced vomiting was a 17th century treatment for depression. As described in Anatomy of Melancholy (1621), this could be accomplished by eating _________ and a half-boiled cabbage. a. raw meat c. coal b. ice d. tobacco ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Moderate TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Factual 43. Somatic symptom disorders, a current DSM-5 classification that evolved from the concept of "hysteria," affect a. men only. b. women only. c. men or women. d. children only. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: c 1 Moderate TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Factual 44. The concept of hysteria, which traditionally meant physical symptoms for which no organic pathology could be found, is now associated with which DSM-5 classification? a. Anxiety disorders b. Neurosis c. PMS ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d. Somatic symptom disorders d 1 Difficult TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Conceptual 45. The traditional tendency to stigmatize women as "hysterical" derived from Hippocrates' concept of ____________. a. the "wandering uterus" c. "penis envy" b. an "incompetent cervix" d. "pelvic dysfunction" ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Moderate TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Conceptual 46. Until the 1970s, hysterical disorders were diagnosed only in women. In fact, the term "hysteria" derives from the Greek hysteron, which means ___________. a. ovary c. pregnancy ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. uterus d. vagina b 1 Moderate TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Factual 47. The first significant supporting evidence for a biological cause of a mental disorder was the 19th century discovery that the psychotic disorder called general paresis was caused by the same bacterial microorganism that causes __________. a. malaria c. syphilis b. Alzheimer's disease d. hysteria ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: c 1 Moderate TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Factual 48. The significance of the cure for syphilis was that a. physicians were correct in prescribing rest and relaxation. b. all forms of “madness” now had a cure. c. paralysis was now curable. d. behavioral and cognitive symptoms were traced to a curable infection. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Moderate TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Conceptual 49. In the 19th century, John P. Gray, a well-known psychiatrist in the US, believed that mental illness was due to ____________. a. psychological factors c. social/environmental influences b. physical causes d. unknown influences ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Easy TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Factual 50. In the 1930s, when insulin shock therapy was deemed too risky as a treatment for mental disorder, __________________ began to be used instead. a. bromides b. electroconvulsive therapy c. megavitamin therapy d. moral therapy ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Moderate TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Factual 51. The effect of electroconvulsive therapy in making a person feel elated and therefore help depression was discovered by a. John Gray, who was the champion of the biological tradition in the US. b. a Dutch physician who was a friend of Benjamin Franklin. c. Hippocrates, who was the father of medicine. d. Joseph von Meduna, who was a Hungarian psychiatrist. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Difficult TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Factual 52. The first effective medications for severe psychotic disorders were developed in the _________. a. late 19th century b. early 20th century c. 1950s ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d. 1990s c 1 Easy TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Factual 53. Although electroconvulsive therapy is controversial, we still use it today. It is interesting that it is used a. despite possible harmful side effects. b. and may cause serious fatal outcomes such as heart attacks. c. despite the fact that we have little knowledge of how it works. d. despite the fact that the success rate is about 25%. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: c 1 Difficult TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Conceptual 54. With the discovery of the major tranquilizers called _____________, psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, and aggressiveness were able to be controlled. a. neuroleptics c. bromides ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. benzodiazepines d. opiates a 1 Moderate TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Factual 55. Benzodiazepines, or "minor" tranquilizers such as Valium and Librium, are effective in reducing the symptoms of __________. a. depression c. schizophrenia ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. anxiety d. hysteria b 1 Moderate TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Factual 56. In the late 1800s, the emphasis on a biological cause of mental disorder resulted ironically in reduced interest in treatments for mental patients because it was thought that a. physicians should devote more time to the physically ill. b. patients would improve more rapidly if they were not hospitalized. c. the hospital staff was not adequately trained to administer new treatments. d. mental illness was due to an undiscovered brain pathology and was incurable. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Difficult TheBiologicalPerspective TYPE: Conceptual 57. In contrast to the asylums of the early 18th century, the psychosocial approach called moral therapy advocated all of the following EXCEPT a. restraint and seclusion. b. normal social interaction. c. individual attention from the hospital staff. d. nurturing interpersonal relationships. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Easy ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Applied 58. The idea that psychological disorders could be classified based on their symptoms, onset, time course, and cause is attributed to a. Anton Mesner. c. John Grey. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. Emil Kraepelin. d. Dorothea Dix. b 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Factual 59. Moral treatment for mental patients involved a. treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible. b. judging abnormal behavior on the basis of moral values. c. the use of negative consequences to shape behavior. d. isolating institutionalized patients until they behaved morally. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 60. After Philippe Pinel introduced moral therapy as a treatment in mental hospitals in France, a similar type of socially facilitative environment was first established in a US hospital by a. Benjamin Rush. b. William Tuke. c. Joseph von Medina. d. Manfred Sakel. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Factual 61. After the mid 1800s, moral therapy declined as a treatment for the mentally ill because a. the number of patients in mental institutions also declined. b. immigrants caused an increase in the mental hospital population. c. the number of people available to staff mental hospitals increased. d. new biologically based treatments became available. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: OTHER: b 1 Moderate YPE: Applied 62. You have been asked to give a report on the mental hygiene movement and its foremost crusader Dorothea Dix, who campaigned for more humane treatment of the insane. After mentioning all of her accomplishments, you note the unforeseen consequence of her efforts, namely, a. a decrease in the number of mental patients in institutions, forcing many to close. b. an increase in the number of mental patients, resulting in insufficient staff to care for them. c. a change from custodial care to moral therapy for institutionalized patients. d. more patients receiving psychotherapy and fewer receiving medication. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Difficult ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Applied 63. Anton Mesmer, an early 18th century physician, purported to cure patients by unblocking their flow of a bodily fluid he called "animal magnetism." In fact, any effectiveness of his methods was actually due to a. undetectable magnetic fields. b. chemically induced humoral balance. c. mental telepathy. d. the power of suggestion. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Difficult ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 64. A "double blind" experiment to ascertain the effectiveness of animal magnetism therapy was conducted by a. Philippe Pinel. b. Anton Mesmer. c. Sigmund Freud. d. Benjamin Franklin. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Factual 65. Realizing that patients were often unaware of material previously recalled under hypnosis, Charcot, Breuer, and Freud hypothesized the existence of ___________, a concept considered one of the most important developments in the history of psychopathology. a. neurosis b. the unconscious mind c. the Electra complex d. catharsis ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 66. In using hypnosis to treat patients with psychological disorders, Freud discovered a. that it is therapeutic to recall and relive emotionally traumatic events. b. that patients are unable to process emotionally charged information. c. that hypnosis was less effective than mesmerism. d. the existence of conscious memories. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Difficult ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 67. In the classic case of Anna O. in 1895, the neurologist Breuer treated her "hysterical" symptoms by using _________. a. hydrotherapy c. faith healing ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. hypnosis d. the placebo effect b 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Applied 68. Freud’s technique included the release of emotional material, which was known as _________. a. insight b. catharsis c. free association d. wish fulfillment ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Factual 69. In Freudian theory "libido" and "thanatos" represent the two basic but opposing drives of ________. a. life and death c. good and evil ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. sex and celibacy d. pleasure and pain a 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 70. You have just read a newspaper article about a savage rape and murder. You wonder how someone could commit such a horrible crime. Then you recall from your study of Freudian theory that according to Freud, anyone could be a killer or rapist if _________ impulses were not well controlled. a. egoistic c. id b. phallic d. mesmeric ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: c 1 Difficult ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Applied 71. Although Freud conceptualized the libido as the life energy within the id, many people think of it as the __________. a. death instinct c. conscience ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. sex drive d. Oedipal conflict b 1 Easy ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 72. According to psychoanalytic theory, the __________ develops early in life to ensure that we can adapt to the demands of the real world while still finding ways to meet our basic needs. a. ego c. libido b. superego d. ideal self ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Difficult ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 73. According to psychoanalytic theory, the id operates on the "pleasure principle," so it a. adheres to social rules and regulations. b. thinks in an unemotional, logical, and rational manner. c. is sexual, aggressive, selfish, and envious. d. utilizes secondary process thinking. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: c 1 Difficult ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 74. A classmate in your psychology course is worried about the selfish and sometimes dangerous drives of the id. You respond by saying that a. each of us develops an ego to help us behave more realistically. b. id fantasies never become reality. c. psychologists disproved Freud's theories a long time ago. d. since id impulses are usually part of consciousness awareness, we can learn to control them. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Difficult ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Applied 75. If you were asked to explain Freud's structure of the mind to a friend who was unfamiliar with psychology, you might use an organizational analogy in which the id would be the employee who comes to work late and takes very long lunch hours, the superego would be the building security guard, and the ego would be a. a newly hired employee. b. a recently fired employee. c. a manager. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d. a salesperson. c 1 Difficult ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Applied 76. The warring id and superego cause anxiety as a result of a. intrapsychic conflict. c. conscience judging the ego ideal. b. displacement. d. defense mechanisms. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: OTHER: a 1 Difficult TYPE: Conceptual 77. When Johnny wanted a cookie before dinner, he thought about just going and taking one without permission. However, after thinking about it, he decided to get permission from his mom. Johnny was operating according to the _______ principle. a. pleasure c. moral b. reality d. Oedipal ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Applied 78. According to Freudian theory, anxiety is a signal for the ego to marshal its mechanisms of defense, which function as a. reality-based actions. c. conscious efforts to maintain control. b. unconscious protective processes. d. primitive emotional responses. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Easy ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 79. As used in modern terminology to reflect coping styles, defense mechanisms a. can be either adaptive or maladaptive. b. are always maladaptive. c. are never adaptive. d. are always self-defeating. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 80. Severe internal conflicts that produce a lot of anxiety or other emotions can trigger self-defeating defensive processes or symptoms such as a. acute and posttraumatic stress symptoms. c. phobic or obsessive symptoms. b. depression or bipolar symptoms. d. suicidal or aggressive symptoms. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: c 1 Difficult ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 81. Which of the following is an example of the maladaptive, self-defeating type of defensive mechanism that is discussed by your textbook chapter? a. A phobia b. Sublimation c. A hallucinatory experience d. Amnesia ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 82. In which of the following defense mechanisms does an individual unconsciously block disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from awareness? a. Rationalization c. Repression ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. Reaction formation d. Displacement c 1 Easy ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Factual 83. Accusing your partner of being mad at you after they have aggravated you is an example of _______. a. displacement c. repression ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. sublimation d. projection d 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Applied 84. In which of the following defense mechanisms does an individual falsely attribute his or her own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another person? a. Denial c. Displacement ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. Projection d. Sublimation b 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Factual 85. Playing a rough game of football after a bad day at school is an example of ________. a. denial c. sublimation ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. displacement d. repression c 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Applied 86. The concept of defense mechanisms is referred to as ____________ in contemporary terminology. a. coping styles b. strategic adjustment c. maladaptive thinking d. self-defeating actions ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 87. Mrs. B. received a very poor rating by her supervisor who had been constantly criticizing her in front of her coworkers. When she got home, her kids ran up to greet her, all talking at once. She responded by yelling, "Leave me alone! Can't you see I'm tired?" According to psychoanalytic theory, this is an example of the defense mechanism known as ______. a. displacement c. repression ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. projection d. rationalization a 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Applied 88. A 4-year-old girl sucks her thumb, a teenager binges on food, and an adult woman bites her fingernails. According to the Freudian theory of psychosexual development, all three are fixated at the __________ stage. a. oral c. phallic b. anal d. genital ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Easy ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Applied 89. Four­year­old Miguel says to his mother, “Mommy, I love you. I want to marry you.” This is an example of the manifestation of a. a defense mechanism. c. intrapsychic conflict. b. the Oedipal complex. d. an oral fixation. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Applied 90. The Electra complex, the psychosexual conflict that occurs at the phallic stage of development in girls, is characterized by a. castration anxiety. b. Oedipal conflicts. c. penis envy. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d. latency lust. c 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 91. Which of the following is NOT related to the "collective unconscious" in Carl Jung's psychoanalytic theory? a. Accumulated wisdom of society b. Genetic inheritance of personality traits c. Individual storage of cultural memories d. Passing of memories from one generation to another ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 92. The first proponent of ego psychology was a. Karen Honey. c. Ana Freud. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. Sigmund Freud. d. Carl Jung. c 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Factual 93. In their theories about human nature, psychoanalysts Carl Jung and Alfred Adler both a. regarded human nature as possessing many negative qualities. b. completely accepted Freud's ideas. c. believed that there were no barriers to the internal and external growth of the individual. d. emphasized a strong drive toward individual self-actualization. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Difficult ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 94. According to object relations theory, a. one believes that spiritual and religious drives are as much a part of human nature as sexual drives. b. there is a strong drive toward self-actualization. c. development of personality is influenced by culture and societal conditions. d. one sees the world through the eyes of the person incorporated into one’s self. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Difficult ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 95. Casey is an outgoing, happy-go-lucky, outwardly social individual, whereas Samantha is shy, somewhat withdrawn, and quiet. These two individuals represent which of Jung’s concepts? a. Collective unconscious/personal unconscious b. Extraversion/introversion c. Archetypal son/archetypal daughter d. Superiority/inferiority ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Applied 96. According to Freud, neuroses are all nonpsychotic psychological disorders resulting from a. underlying unconscious conflicts. b. the anxiety resulted from underlying unconscious conflicts. c. the implementation of ego defense mechanisms. d. all of these ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 97. The “object” in the object relations school of thought refers to a. important people in your life. b. material objects in your home. c. unconscious processes. d. natural objects such as trees. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 98. According to object relations theory, the objects in your world are either a. introjected into your ego or assigned conflicting roles in your identity. b. encompassed in or out of your identity . c. incorporated in the ego or the super ego. d. realistic or unrealistic. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 99. Tactics that characterize psychodynamic psychotherapy include all of the following EXCEPT a. a focus on affect and the expression of a person’s emotions. b. identification of patterns in patients’ actions, thoughts, feelings, experiences, and relationships. c. it is more in depth and significantly longer than classical psychoanalysis. d. there is an emphasis on the therapeutic relationship. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: c 1 Difficult ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 100. Psychodynamic psychotherapy differs from classical (Freudian) psychoanalysis in that it a. emphasizes the goal of personality reconstruction. b. requires a long-term commitment on the part of the person being analyzed. c. focuses on social and interpersonal issues. d. considers past experiences important. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: c 1 Difficult ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 101. Most mental health professionals are aware that psychoanalysis as a treatment technique a. is basically unscientific. b. has been proven effective. c. has been subject to careful measurement criteria. d. is noted for consistency in analytic interpretation. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Difficult ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 102. The following are all criticisms of Freud’s theory EXCEPT: a. It is basically unscientific and untestable. b. It is largely based on anecdotal evidence. c. The structures of the mind cannot be scientifically measured. d. Unconscious mental processes cannot be scientifically observed. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Difficult ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 103. Which of the following is NOT associated with the humanistic theories of Carl Rogers? a. Unconditional positive regard b. Hierarchy of needs c. Empathy ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d. Person-centered therapy b 1 Easy ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Factual 104. Humanistic therapists regard _______________ as the single most positive influence in facilitating human growth. a. therapist interpretation of the patient's verbalizations b. relationships (including the therapeutic relationship) c. self-esteem d. intellectual and moral development ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 105. Unconditional positive regard is critical to the ________ approach. a. object relations c. psychoanalytic ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. humanistic d. behavioral b 1 Easy ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 106. A therapist using person-centered therapy is likely to a. be very directive with clients. b. analyze the client’s dreams. c. emphasize the consequences of the client’s actions. d. take a passive role in any interactions. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 107. The systematic development of a scientific approach to psychopathology is represented by a. humanistic psychology. b. psychoanalysis. c. Jungian psychology. d. the behavioral model. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 108. According to classical conditioning, learning occurs when a. a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus until it elicits the same response as that stimulus. b. a stimulus is followed by positive consequences. c. a response is accepted unconditionally. d. a stimulus and ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: an object are paired together. a 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 109. Mustafa was bitten by a dog when he was five years old. Now he is afraid of any dog he sees. His fear of dog is a(n) a. unconditioned stimulus. c. conditioned stimulus. b. unconditioned response. d. conditioned response. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Difficult ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Applied 110. Mustafa was bitten by a deranged Chihuahua when he was five years old. Now he is afraid of all dogs. This is an example of a. stimulus inhibition. c. stimulus generalization. b. stimulus discrimination. d. stimulus disinhibition ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: c 1 Difficult ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Applied 111. In classical conditioning, the presentation of the conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus over a long period of time would eventually lead to the a. extinction of the conditioned response. c. shaping of the conditioned response. b. elimination of the conditioned response. d. forgetting of the response. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Moderate ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 112. The following are all true about the behavioral model EXCEPT: a. It has contributed greatly to the understanding and treatment of psychopathology. b. It is incomplete and inadequate to account for what we now know about psychopathology. c. Psychological disorders were considered, for the most part, to be environmentally determined. d. It accounts for development of psychopathology across the lifespan. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Difficult ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 113. Which method reflects the first general application of the behavioral method to psychopathology? a. Law of effect (Thorndike) b. Behavior modification (Skinner) c. Systematic desensitization (Wolpe) d. Conditioning of a fear response (Pavlov) ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: c 1 Difficult ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Applied 114. Someone you know has been having a lot of difficulty because of irrational fears. Knowing that you are studying abnormal psychology, this person asks if you know of an effective and well-established treatment. You advise her that ________________, based on the mid 20th century work of Joseph Wolpe, is a successful anxiety reduction procedure. a. systematic desensitization c. exorcism b. person centered therapy d. aversive conditioning ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Difficult ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Applied 115. Operant conditioning was so named because B.F. Skinner believed that a. behavior operates on the environment. b. people operate independently of experiences in the real world. c. conditioning is an unconscious operation. d. the brain operates independently of behavioral consequences. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Easy ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Factual 116. B.F. Skinner believed that behavior is best influenced by the use of __________. a. punishment c. extinction ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. reinforcement d. internal processes b 1 Easy ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Conceptual 117. Shaping a behavior in operant conditioning refers to a. ignoring everything but the desired behavior. b. punishing everything except the desired behavior. c. rewarding successive approximations to the desired behavior. d. rewarding any behavior that comes close to the desired behavior. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: c 1 Easy ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Factual 118. The causes of psychopathology are currently assumed to be a. unidimensional. b. multiply determined. c. impossible to determine. d. untestable scientifically. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Easy The Present: The Scientific Method and an Integrative Approach TYPE: Conceptual 119. The continual interaction of biological, psychological, and social influences and their effect on behavior is a _________________ approach. a. sociocultural c. unidimensional ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. psychobiological/biopsychological d. multidimensional integrative d 1 Moderate The Present: The Scientific Method and an Integrative Approach TYPE: Conceptual 120. A therapist who believes that a disorder is caused by biological, psychological, and social factors is said to be taking a(n) _____________ approach to understanding psychological disorders: a. applied b. practical c. psychoanalytical d. integrative ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Moderate The Present: The Scientific Method and an Integrative Approach TYPE: Applied 121. As described on the "Abnormal Psychology Live" CD, Ivan Pavlov's ideas were brought to the United States in the early 20th century by a. John B. Watson. c. B.F. Skinner. b. Carl Jung. d. Mary Cover Jones. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Easy The Present: The Scientific Method and an Integrative Approach TYPE: Factual 122. Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, based his theories of conditioning on the results of experiments he conducted on a. dogs. c. rats. b. humans. d. pigeons. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Easy ThePsychologicalTradition TYPE: Factual 123. Discuss why the criteria for abnormality are not completely satisfactory in defining abnormality, psychological dysfunction, and "culturally expected" behavior. ANSWER: POINTS: REFERENCES: Psychological dysfunction is not totally satisfactory because behavior is on a continuum, and a milder version of impairment would not meet the criteria for a disorder. As for personal distress, by itself, this criterion does not define abnormal behavior because distress can be a normal reaction to a traumatic situation. Also, for some of the psychological disorders, by definition, suffering and distress are absent. Atypical or not culturally accepted is insufficient when it refers to someone such as a person with an exceptionally high IQ who is atypical but not disordered. Culturally unacceptable is not sufficient because what may be atypical in one culture is perfectly acceptable in another. 1 UnderstandingPsychopathology 124. Describe psychoanalytic theory. Refer to concepts such as anxiety, defense mechanisms, and psychosexual development. ANSWER: The psychoanalytic theory developed by Sigmund Freud is based on three major concepts. -Structure of the mind. According to Freud, the mind can be divided into three major parts: the id, the source of our strong sexual and aggressive feelings or energies, which operates on the pleasure principle; the ego, or the part of the mind that operates on the reality principle to ensure that we act realistically; and the superego, or conscience, which represents the moral principles of our culture. When these areas are in conflict, it can result in anxiety. -Defense mechanisms. In order to mediate continuing conflict between the id and the superego, the ego marshals defense mechanisms or unconscious protective processes that keep primitive emotions in check. Examples include denial, displacement, projection, rationalization, reaction formation, repression, and sublimation. -Psychosexual stages of development. Freud theorized that during infancy and early childhood, we pass through psychosexual stages of development in a specific order that affect our lifetime functioning. These stages include the oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital stages, and are characterized by distinctive means of gratifying our basic needs and satisfying our drive for physical pleasure. 1 ThePsychologicalTradition POINTS: REFERENCES: 125. Discuss the theories of the psychoanalytic and humanistic researchers who followed Freud, how their concepts related to his theory, and how these theories are viewed today. ANSWER: Anna Freud, Sigmund Freud’s daughter, explored and extended his work on defense mechanisms and developed the field of ego psychology, while Melanie Klein and Otto Kernberg developed the theory of object relations, which is based on studying how children incorporate images, memories, and the values of important people in their lives. However, other theorists broke with Freud to develop their own psychological theories. Carl Jung rejected many of the sexual aspects of Freud’s theory, and focused on the concept of the collective unconscious, or wisdom accumulated by society and culture over time. Alfred Adler focused on people’s feelings of inferiority and the striving for superiority, and coined the term the inferiority complex. Both of these theories assumed that the basic quality of human nature is positive rather than negative, and that people could be helped to improve if barriers to growth were removed. Psychoanalytic theory and its outgrowths have shaped the study of psychopathology and the history of ideas in Western civilization, but they have typically been hard to study scientifically, and are not always practical or cost-effective in practice. Humanistic therapies were developed to help people pursue self-actualization or the attainment of their highest potential. Proponents of these theories include Abraham Maslow, who focused on the hierarchy of needs people experience, and Carl Rogers, who advocated unconditional positive regard to foster growth. The humanistic approaches were very popular in the 1960s and 1970s and brought about an emphasis on the role of therapists in treatment. However, they did not contribute much to our understanding of psychopathology, and have fallen out of favor therapeutically. 1 ThePsychologicalTradition POINTS: REFERENCES: 126. Explain the inadequacies of the various perspectives, and explain why the concept of a multidimensional integrative approach to psychopathology appears to be the more logical approach. ANSWER: All of the various approaches had shortcoming when attempting to explain psychopathology. The biological model, while effective in treating some disorders, could not treat others. Since biological causes could not be found for some disorders, biological treatments could not be developed. Also, active intervention and treatment were all but eliminated in some settings, despite availability of other effective approaches. The psychoanalytic perspective was based on anecdotal evidence and could not be scientifically evaluated. Many of the basic tenets could not be observed. Humanistic theory contributed very little new information to the field of psychopathology. Its principles were not scientifically tested nor were they very useful in the intervention of severe psychological disorders. The behavioral model suggested that all psychopathology was environmentally determined. It also failed to account for development of psychopathology across the lifespan. It cannot explain the more complex layers of both conscious and subconscious behaviors. As the use of scientific research techniques has continued to expand our understanding of the biological, behavioral, cognitive, emotional, developmental, and social factors that contribute to behavior, it is increasingly clear that psychopathology is multiply determined. This understanding now influences our understanding of both the causes and treatments of psychological disorders. 1 The Present: The Scientific Method and an Integrative Approach POINTS: REFERENCES: 127. Explain how the behavioral model developed and how it has influenced the understanding and treatment of psychopathology. ANSWER: The behavioral model is based on the idea that it should be possible to study behavior using scientific techniques. Ivan Pavlov, a researcher in Russia, studied the conditioning of responses based on pairing a stimulus that is initially neutral with a stimulus that typically elicits a natural response. Over time, a conditioned response comes to be elicited by the stimulus, which is now called a conditioned stimulus. Psychologists like John B. Watson applied scientific methods to condition behavioral responses in people. Joseph Wolpe used the principles of classical conditioning to treat phobias using systematic desensitization, extinguishing fear of objects by showing people that nothing bad really happens in the presence of the feared object or setting. B.F. Skinner argued that people not only respond to their environments, but act upon them, and developed the theory of operant conditioning, which argues that behavior is influenced by the reinforcement or consequences of the action. Skinner contended that manipulating reinforcements can shape or create particular behaviors and that these principles can be used therapeutically. 1 ThePsychologicalTradition POINTS: REFERENCES: Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 1. The best description of the multidimensional integrative approach to understanding psychopathology is that it is based on a. biological dimensions. b. biological and psychological dimensions. c. biological and psychological dimensions, as well as emotional influences. d. biological and psychological dimensions, as well as emotional and developmental influences. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Moderate One-DimensionalversusMultidimensionalModels TYPE: Conceptual 2. Within the multidimensional integrative approach to understanding psychopathology, learned helplessness is considered a(n) ______ dimension. a. biological c. emotional b. psychological d. psychological ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Moderate One-DimensionalversusMultidimensionalModels TYPE: Conceptual 3. The basis of the multidimensional integrative approach to understanding psychopathology is that each dimension (psychological, biological, emotional, etc.) a. operates independently. c. builds on the dimension that precedes it. b. is sufficient to cause pathology. d. is influenced by the other dimensions. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Easy One-DimensionalversusMultidimensionalModels TYPE: Conceptual Powered by Cognero Page 1 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 4. Your uncle spent most of his teen years in a hospital undergoing treatment for a severe physical illness. As an adult, he is rather shy and withdrawn, particularly around women. He has been diagnosed with social phobia, which you believe is entirely due to lack of socialization during his teen years. Your theory or model of what caused his phobia is ________. a. multidimensional c. one-dimensional b. integrative d. biological ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: c 1 Easy One-DimensionalversusMultidimensionalModels TYPE: Applied 5. According to the multidimensional integrative approach to psychopathology, the following statement is true for most psychological disorders: a. If one monozygotic twin has a particular disorder, the other twin will definitely have the disorder as well b. Monozygotic twins are no more likely to share psychological disorders than any other siblings c. Monozygotic twins are no more likely to share disorders than any other two people selected at random from the population d. If one monozygotic twin has a particular psychological disorder, the other twin is more likely to have the disorder than the rest of the population ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Moderate One-DimensionalversusMultidimensionalModels TYPE: Conceptual 6. Amanda is 12 years old, and her sister Samantha is five years old. While riding in a car with their parents, the girls witness a major automobile accident where a number of people are injured. The girls react very differently to the accident. This is probably due to a. biological differences. b. developmental differences. c. psychological differences d. sociocultural differences ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Moderate One-DimensionalversusMultidimensionalModels TYPE: Applied Powered by Cognero Page 2 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 7. The most accurate way to think of genes is that they a. set boundaries for our development. b. determine both our physical and psychological characteristics. c. determine physical but not psychological characteristics. d. actually have very little to do with any of the characteristics that we display. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Moderate GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology TYPE: Conceptual 8. Referring to behavior and personality as polygenic means that both are a. influenced by only a few genes, but each has a large effect. b. influenced by many genes, with each individual gene contributing a relatively small effect. c. influenced by individual genes only rarely. d. a result of our genetic structure only. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Moderate GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology TYPE: Factual 9. The procedures referred to as quantitative genetics are used to a. determine the effects of multiple genes. b. provide genetic counseling. c. correct genetic abnormalities. d. test the multidimensional integrative model. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Moderate GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology TYPE: Factual Powered by Cognero Page 3 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 10. Most psychological disorders appear to be influenced by many individual genes rather than caused by one single gene, a process referred to as ________ influence. a. multigenic c. unigenic ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b. polygenic d. morphogenic b 1 Easy GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology TYPE: Factual 11. Inga is a charming and intelligent young lady who is well-liked by family and friends. Approximately ______ of Inga’s enduring personality traits and cognitive abilities can be attributed to genetic influence. a. 25% c. 75% b. 50% d. 100% ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Easy GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology TYPE: Applied 12. The most recent estimates are that genetics contribute approximately __________ to the development of personality characteristics such as shyness or activity level. a. 10-20% c. 75-85% b. 30-50% d. nothing ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Easy GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology TYPE: Factual Powered by Cognero Page 4 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 13. According to recent estimates, genetic contributions to the development of most psychological disorders are __________________. a. below 50% b. above 50% c. different for each disorder (estimates range from 0 to 100%) d. nonexistent ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Easy GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology TYPE: Factual 14. Recent evidence regarding the genetic influence on most psychological disorders has shown that a. single genes are usually responsible for psychological disorders. b. genes that influence psychopathology are usually recessive. c. there is no evidence that genes influence psychopathology. d. multiple genes ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: interact, with each gene contributing a small effect. d 1 Easy GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology TYPE: Conceptual 15. In the diathesis-stress model, "diathesis" refers to a. an inherited disorder. b. conditions in the environment that can trigger a disorder depending upon how severe the stressors are. c. an inherited tendency or condition that makes a person susceptible to developing a disorder. d. the inheritance ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: of multiple disorders. c 1 Easy GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology TYPE: Factual Powered by Cognero Page 5 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 16. In the diathesis-stress model, "stress" refers to a. life events, in combination with an inherited tendency, that trigger a disorder. b. inherited tendencies, in combination with life events, that trigger a disorder. c. defective genes. d. exposure to very unusual and extreme environmental conditions. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: a 1 Easy GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology TYPE: Factual 17. According to the diathesis-stress model, psychopathology is the result of the a. interaction between normal and defective or damaged genes. b. stress level of an individual and how stress is managed in a person's life. c. family history of an individual. d. interaction of an inherited tendency and events in a person's life. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Moderate GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology TYPE: Conceptual 18. According to the diathesis-stress model, monozygotic twins raised in the same household will a. not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their diathesis. b. have the same disorders because their diathesis and stress are exactly the same. c. not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their stress. d. have no more likelihood of sharing a disorder than any other two randomly selected individuals from the population. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: c 1 Moderate GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology TYPE: Conceptual Powered by Cognero Page 6 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 19. According to the diathesis-stress model, a. mental disorders will always develop given a certain level of stress. b. once a diathesis for a particular disorder is inherited, the disorder will eventually develop. c. an individual's inherited tendencies are not affected by stressful life events he or she encounters. d. it is possible to inherit a diathesis and never develop a disorder. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d 1 Moderate GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology TYPE: Conceptual 20. The model that describes the development of psychopathology as a combination of an inherited predisposition and the events that have occurred in the individual's life is called _____________. a. diathesis-stress b. genetic c. bio-behavioral ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d. psychoanalytic a 1 Easy GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology TYPE: Factual 21. In a landmark study by Caspi et. al. (2003), researchers studied the stressful life events and genetics of 847 individuals. For individuals who had at least four stressful life events, the risk of major depression a. remained unchanged regardless of genetic makeup. b. doubled if they possessed two short alleles of the gene being studied. c. was reduced by half if they possessed two short alleles of the gene being studied. d. was entirely related to the genetic makeup and not the number of life stressors. ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: b 1 Difficult GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology TYPE: Factual Powered by Cognero Page 7 Name: Class: Date: Chapter 02: An Integrative Approach to Psychopathology AN INTEGRATIVE APPROACH TO PSYCHOPATHOLOGY 22. The idea that our inherited tendencies influence the probability that we will encounter stressful life events is a characteristic of the _________________. a. diathesis-stress model b. reciprocal gene-environment model c. genetic model ANSWER: POINTS: DIFFICULTY: REFERENCES: OTHER: d. psycho-social model b 1 Moderate GeneticContributionstoPsychopathology TYPE: Conceptual 23. John has inherited a personality trait that makes him more likely to keep to himself than to socialize. As a result, he does not have many friends and spends a lot of time alone. If John were to develop depression, the model that would pr