AP Psychology Final Exam with complete verified solutions.

Psychology The Science of Behavior and Mental Processes Socrates and Plato thought the mind and body were separate and that the mind goes on after death. Also thought Knowledge was innate. Aristotle student of Plato; thought knowledge was obtained through experiences Rene Descartes thought the mind and body were separate John Locke thought a mind at birth was a blank slate. helped form empiricism empiricism knowledge is from experiences and therefor science should only rely on observations and experiments. Wilhelm Wundt father of Psychology Edward Titchner introduced structuralism which relied on introspection introspection looking inward. An unreliable idea as the answers given differed from person to person William James functionalist, taught Mary Whiton Calkin Mary Whiton Calkin was not allowed to get her Ph.D in Psychology but moved on to become the first woman president of the American Psychology Association (APA) Margaret Floy Washburn first woman to get a Ph.D in Psychology and second woman president of the APA experimental Psychologists explore with experiments behaviorists rely on observation humanistic psychology Carl Rogers; having our needs satisfied cognitive Neuroscience Brain activity in link to Mental activity Biggest debate in Psychology Nature V.S. Nurture Natural Selection Charles Darwin's Idea that those traits promoting survival will be carried on to the next generation. Survival of the fittest levels of analysis the differing complementary views which show different reasons as for why something might occur biopsychosocial approach combines biological, psychological and social-cultural biological psychology studies the links between biological and psychological evolutionary psychology uses natural selection to see why we have certain traits Psychodynamic psychology unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior behavioral psychology rely on observable behavior cognitive psychology focuses on mental activity (thinking, knowing, remembering, communicating) to explain behavior social-cultural psychology the study of how culture effects behavior and thinking psychometrics the study of the measurement of human ability basic research study that aims to increase the knowledge base developmental psychology the study of how we change throughout our life span educational psychology how psychological processes effect learning and teaching personality psychology the study of an individuals way of acting, feelings and thinking social psychology how people influence each other applied research study that aims to solve problems Industrial-organizational psychology the application of psychological concepts to improve human behavior in workplaces hindsight bias the 'I knew it all along' phenomenon. the tendency to believe, after knowing the answer, that you would have gotten it before operational definition the definition of an object according to how it is used in a certain situation case study observation of one single patient; CANNOT BE GENERALIZED survey to obtain self reported behaviors of a group population everyone in the group being studied random sample a way to get a representative sample because everyone gets an even chance of being picked naturalistic observation observing behavior in natural environment correlation measure of how to factors relate to eachother correlation coefficient the number that represents the relationship of the factors (-1 to 1) illusory correlation the thought that a relationship is there when it is not random assignment randomly assigning participants IN AN EXPERIMENT to control and experimental groups double-blind procedure in an experiment neither the subject nor the researcher know which has the placebo placebo effect experimental results from expectation; the expected results still occur with a substitute stimulus confounding variable a factor other than the independent that could effect the dependent mode most frequently occurring number in a set of data mean average median middle score standard deviation a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean culture behaviors, ideas, attitudes and traditions shared by a group of people and carried on through generations informed consent people must be informed of the experiment in order to give permission debriefing post experimental explanation of the study and its purposes neuron a nerve cell, the basic building block of the nervous system sensory neurons neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord motor neurons neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands interneurons neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs dendrite the branching extensions of a neuron that RECEIVE messages axon the extension of a neuron ending in fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons myelin sheath a layer of fatty tissue that insulates the neurons and helps speed impulses action potential a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon threshold the level of stimulation needed to trigger a neural impulse synapse the junction between the end of the axon and the dendrite, the space is called the synaptic gap neurotransmitters a chemical messenger that traveles through the synaptic gap between neurons and attaches to the dendrite reputake a neurotransmitters reabsorption by the sending neuron endorphins neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure nervous system the body's communication network consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous system central nervous system the brain and spinal cord peripheral nervous system the sensory and motor nervous system that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body nerves bundled axons that form neural 'cables' that connect the central nervous system to the muscles, glands, and sense organs somatic nervous system the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body skeletal muscles autonomic nervous system the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and muscles sympathetic nervous system the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body mobilizing its energy in stressful situations parasympathetic nervous system the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body reflex a simple autonomic response to a sensory stimulus endocrine system the body's slow chemical communication system, a set of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream hormones chemical messengers that are created by glands and travel through the blood stream adrenal glands a pair of endocrine glands that is above the kidneys and arouse the boy during stress pituitary gland the gland that regulates growth and controls other glands under control of the hypothalamus Lesion tissue destruction. It can occur naturally or experimentally by the caused distruction/remove of brain tissues Electroencephalogram (EEG) An amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. CT (computed tomography) scan a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body. Also called a CAT scan