Test Bank For Business Ethics A Textbook with Cases International Edition 7th Edition by William H. Shaw

Part One: Chapter One: The Nature of Morality Multiple Choice (24) 1. Ethics addresses the question of a. whether God exists b. what we know c. how we should live d. what we are 2. Ethics does not investigate questions of a. duty and obligation b. mind and body c. fairness and unfairness d. good and bad 3. Business ethics is the study of what constitutes good and bad human conduct in a a. business setting b. academic setting c. heavenly setting d. utopian setting 4. Who discussed whether a merchant should tell people more goods similar to his are on their way? a. Plato b. Seneca c. Aristotle d. Cicero 5. Business ethics dates to a. The Modern period b. The Renaissance c. Ancient times d. The Industrial Revolution 6. “Business” and “businessperson” are a. technical terms b. narrow terms c. broad terms d. colloquial terms 7. The objective of businesses is to provide goods or services for a. profit b. sale c. free d. rent 1 8. A group of persons working together for a common purpose is a. a club b. a business c. a committee d. an organization 9. Moral standards concern behavior that is a. of serious consequence to human welfare b. subject to legal assessment c. performed only by businesses d. of trivial importance 10. Whether you should copy a pirated DVD on your office computer is a a. technical question b. factual question c. moral question d. business question 11. What term generally refers to any special code of social behavior? a. morality b. business c. etiquette d. deontology 12. Rules of etiquette are generally a. old-fashioned b. nonmoral c. judgmental d. utilitarian 13. Laws enacted by legislative bodies are called a. torts b. statutes c. common law d. liabilities 14. Common law is a. judge-made law b. legislative law c. arbitrary law d. statute law 15. Who did Martin Luther King Jr. address his “Letter from Birmingham Jail” to? a. the courts b. fellow clergy c. fellow protestors 2 d. fellow convicts 16. Professional codes of ethics lie somewhere between a. etiquette and law b. right and wrong c. law and morality d. facts and values 17. For philosophers, the important question is a. where our moral principles come from b. whether our moral principles can be justified c. where our moral principles are going d. whether our moral principles are legal 18. Any religion provides its believers with a a. worldview b. church c. established clergy d. God 19. The Golden Rule represents a. one of humankind’s lowest moral requirements b. a rule applicable to all sentient beings c. one of humankind’s highest moral ideals d. a rule that is self-contradictory 20. The idea that morality must be based n religion can be interpreted in a. two ways b. three ways c. four ways d. five ways 21. The moral instructions of the world’s great religions are a. general and imprecise b. precise and specific c. inapplicable to modern life d. only applicable to believers 22. The view that what is right is determined by what a culture says is right is a. deontology b. utilitarianism c. virtue ethics d. ethical relativism 23. Carr defends a form of a. virtue ethics 3 b. ethical relativism c. deontology d. utilitarianism 24. The tendency to let the behavior of those around us dictate our response in emergencies is known as a. ethical relativism b. bystander apathy c. morality in the narrow sense d. cultural programming True/False Questions (12) T 1. Sometimes the rich and might fall. T 2. Sometimes professional codes of ethics are unwritten. F 3. Professional codes of ethics are always specific. T 4. Religion involves prescriptions for social relationships. F 5. Ethical relativism holds that there are objective and universal moral standards. F 6. Our conscience is literally a little voice inside us. T 7. Morality in the narrow sense concerns the principles that do or should regulate people’s conduct and relations with each other. T 8. Aristotle held that there is more to living a morally good life than being good at your job. T 9. Pressure to meet corporate goals can lead people to act unethically. F 10. According to the American Management Association pressure to meet realistic business deadlines if the leading cause of unethical business conduct. T 11. The diffusion of responsibility inside an organization leads individuals to have a diluted sense of their own moral responsibility. F 12. Aristotle denied that there is an excellent we can achieve as human beings. Essay Questions (6) 4 6. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. In what way could Carr’s views concerning bluffing in business be extended to bluffing in dating? Do you believe that bluffing in either of these contexts is ethically acceptable? Why, or why not? What do you answers tell you about your views concerning the plausibility of ethical relativism? Do you believe that businessmen have a duty to reveal all the information that they have about their products and its merits vis-à-vis those of their rivals to consumers? Why, or why not? If not, do you believe that they have a duty to reveal any of this information— or should the “buyer beware”? If they do have a duty to reveal some of this information, how extensive is this duty? Do you believe that this duty could vary by industry? Why, or why not? Do you believe that business ethics is a specific area of philosophical inquiry, or not? Do you think that its concerns could be subsumed into the general field of ethics? Why do you think as you do? Do you believe that there is a role for professional ethicists in business settings? Why, or why not? If not, why not? If you do, why—and what do you envision their role as being? In what ways are professional codes of ethics, moral rules, legal requirements, and the requirements of etiquette different from each other? Must morality come from God? Why, or why not? If you believe that it does, do you believe that God has a reason for giving us the commands that he does, or do you believe that they exists merely on his whim? If the former, could we discover these reasons and act morally without God? If the latter, why should we can, morally, about God’s whims? 5 Chapter Two: Normative Theories of Ethics Multiple Choice Questions (24) 1. Which theories of ethics contend that right and wrong are determined by more than the likely consequences of an action? a. Egoistic theories b. Nonconsequentialist theories c. Relativist theories d. Consequentialist theories 2. Nonconsequentialist theories are also called a. Deontological theories b. Relativist theories c. Egoistic theories d. Virtue ethics theories 3. Epicurus was a a. Stoic b. Hedonist c. Platonist d. Aristotelian 4. Someone who holds that everyone should let self-interest guide their actions is a a. Personal egoist b. Personal hedonist c. Impersonal egoist d. Impersonal hedonist 5. The view that equates morality with self-interest is a. Stoicism b. Egoism c. Hedonism d. Platonism 6. Psychological hedonists hold that humans are by nature a. Virtuous b. Selfish c. Altruistic d. Immoral 7. The view that we should always act so as to produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our actions is known as a. Virtue ethics b. Divine command ethics c. Deontology 6 d. Utilitarianism 8. Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill both endorsed a. Virtue ethics b. Divine command ethics c. Deontology d. Utilitarianism 9. By “good” utilitarians mean a. Happiness or pleasure b. Morality or virtue c. Wealth or prosperity d. Desire satisfaction 10. The “hedonic calculus” was developed by a. Epicurus b. Mill c. Bentham d. Kant 11. A. C. Ewing criticized a. Deontological principles b. Act utilitarian principles c. Virtue ethics d. Divine command theory 12. Adam Smith argued that if business is left to pursue its own self-interest a. The good of society will be served b. The morality of society will be undermined c. Great injustices will develop d. The good of society will be undermined 13. The view that it is morally acceptable for individuals to pursue their own self-interests while engaged in business is called a. Business privilege b. Business egoism c. Business hedonism d. Business practice 14. Kant believed that moral rules can, in principle, be known from a. Observation only b. God’s revelation c. Reason alone d. The use of intuition 15. For Kant, nothing is good in itself except 7 a. God’s law b. God’s will c. A good will d. Good consequences 16. Kant’s theory is a. Utilitarian b. Egoistic c. Nonconsequentialist d. Hedonistic 17. For Kant, the subjective principle of an action is known as a a. Rule b. Virtue c. Imperative d. Maxim 18. Kant held that a moral law must have a. Good consequences b. Universal acceptability c. Particular acceptability d. Religious backing 19. Kant held that humanity should always be treated as a. Mere means b. Ends in themselves c. Instruments of will d. Utility maximizers 20. The unnecessary buying and selling of stocks to generate commissions is known as a. Gouging b. Churning c. Emptying d. Stocking 21. W.D. Ross believed that all (or most) of our obligations are a. Kantian obligations b. Utilitarian obligations c. The obligations of etiquette d. Prima facie obligations 22. The ethical perspective of W.D. Ross is a. Monistic b. Pluralist c. Theistic d. Epicurean 8 23. The view that the utilitarian standard should be applied to moral codes as a whole is a. Act utilitarianism b. Rule utilitarianism c. Virtue utilitarianism d. Prima facie utilitarianism 24. According to V. R. Ruggiero, how many concerns are common to most ethical systems? a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Five True/False Questions (12) F 1. All egoists endorse hedonism. T 2. Egoists can identify the good with knowledge. T 3. A common objection to ethical egoism is that it ignores blatant wrongs. F 4. Bentham and Mill had the same conception of pleasure. T 5. Actions affect people to different degrees. F 6. Utilitarianism requires us to disregard our own pleasure. T 7. Utilitarianism provides a clear and straightforward basis for formulating and testing policies. T 8. Under eminent domain the government can appropriate private property for public use. T 9. Kant’s categorical imperative holds that we should always act in such a way that we can will the maxim of our action to be universal law. F 10. W. D. Ross endorsed utilitarianism. F 11. A prima facie obligation cannot be overridden. T 12. Human rights are universal. Essay Questions (6) 1. Outline both act utilitarianism and rule utilitarianism, making it clear how they are different from each other. Of these two utilitarian theories, which do you believe is the 9 most persuasive, and why? Do you believe that we should accept this approach to ethics? Why, or why not? Justify and illustrate your answers by reference to how utilitarianism could held in formulating policies within an organization context. 2. What is W.D. Ross’s view of ethics? How does it differ from the views of Mill and Kant? Do you believe that this view of ethics is applicable to a business setting? Why, or why not? Do you believe that it should be accepted generally? Do you think that your answers to the last two sub-questions should be the same, or should they differ? Why do you think as you do? 3. Outline Kant’s account of ethics. How, according to Kant, should we treat people—and why does he believe this? Do you agree? If we accepted a Kantian approach to morality, would we need to change how we conduct business? If so, provide examples to illustrate your claims and explain why Kant would require the changes you outline. If not, why not? 4. Do you believe that businesses should adopt a policy of business egoism? Would such a policy be best suited to the nature of business or not? Why do you believe as you do? 5. Do you believe that humans are naturally selfish? Explain your answer. Does your answer to this question have any ramifications for (a) which moral theory we should adopt, and (b) how we should structure business organizations? 6. What do you believe the optimal moral code should look like? Do you believe that people would be intrinsically motivated to follow such a code, or not? If so, why do you believe as you do? If not, how should they be motivated to behave morally? 10 Chapter Three: Justice and Economic Distribution Multiple Choice (24) 1. Who is known for first holding that we should treat like cases alike? a. Plato b. Epicurus c. Cicero d. Aristotle 2. The topic of the proper distribution of burdens and benefits is known as a. Distributive justice b. Retributive justice c. Economic welfare d. Laissez-faire economics 3. Who made the violation of one’s moral rights the defining characteristic of injustice? a. John Stuart Mill b. Adam Smith c. Karl Marx d. Robert Nozick 4. Rawls’s theory of justice is a. A libertarian theory b. An egalitarian theory c. A utilitarian theory d. A retributivist theory 5. Justice for Mill was ultimately a matter of a. Luck b. Promoting social well-being c. Property rights d. Enforced equality 6. Brandt defends the equality of after-tax income on a. Libertarian grounds b. Deontological grounds c. Utilitarian grounds d. Egalitarian grounds 7. Libertarians assume that liberty means a. Freedom b. Noninterference c. Equality d. Liberation 11 8. Nozick begins with the premise that people have a. Certain basic moral rights b. Equality of income c. Equality of opportunity d. Certain basic positive rights 9. Nozick refers to the firm restrictions that rights impose as a. Side constraints b. Lockean constraints c. Side bars d. Liberty constraints 10. Nozick calls his theory of justice the a. Welfare theory b. Lockean theory c. Absolute theory d. Entitlement theory 11. Locke held that individuals are entitled to a. The products of a welfare state b. What they can acquire c. What they possess d. The products of their labor 12. For Locke, prior to the formation of government property rights were limited by the requirement that one not waste, and by the restriction that a. One only take what on could eat in a day b. One could only take what one could carry c. Enough and as good was left for others d. Others received the same amount 13. Nozick calls his theory a. Ahistorical b. Historical c. Patterned d. Egalitarian 14. Libertarians endorse a. The welfare state b. Positive rights c. Free markets d. Restricted markets 15. Libertarians hold that market relations are necessary to respect a. Human liberty b. The common good 12 c. Individual well-being d. Positive rights 16. Rawls, on his own account, presents his theory as a modern alternative to a. Deontology b. Libertarianism c. Social contract theory d. Utilitarianism 17. Rawls suggests that we imagine the people in the original position choosing on the basis of a. Self interest b. Altruism c. The common good d. Equality for all 18. The distinctive core of Rawls’s theory is the a. Difference principle b. Ignorance principle c. Equality principle d. Historical principle 19. Rawls views society as a. A set of competing individuals b. A set of contracting individuals c. As a cooperative project for mutual benefit d. As a competitive project for exclusive benefit 20. Rawls regards natural talents as a. Deserved b. A common asset c. Unjust d. Historically embedded 21. Who holds that different norms and principles govern different distributive spheres? a. Rawls b. Walzer c. Mill d. Nozick 22. Who wrote A Theory of Justice? a. Rawls b. Walzer c. Mill d. Nozick 13