PSU BBH 315 Exam 1 Questions With Complete Solutions

Overarching goals for course correct answer: -Biological sex and socially constructed gender influence health across the lifespan -Biological, behavioral, psychological, and sociocultural factors interact to influence sex and gender diffs Biological essentialism correct answer: -biology is destiny(we are who we are because of our biology or genetic makeup) -Our behaviors and preferences are biologically pre-determined Feminism correct answer: -bio not really destiny -Support for political, economic, and social equality of women and men and, in turn, legal and --social changes necessary to achieve equality Distinction between "differences" and "disparities" correct answer: Disparity refers to a difference that is unfair, the result of unfair or unjust policies or practices Mortality correct answer: death rate Morbidity correct answer: disease rate Life expectancy correct answer: number of years you're expected to live Differences in life expectancy over time correct answer: -From 1900 to 2000, life expectancy has gotten longer --infant deaths have diminished, more medicine is available, and better technology Differences in life expectancy between females and males correct answer: -From conception to death, women on average more advantaged and live longer than men -From 1900 to 2003, women have had a higher life expectancy than men -Women like around 5.3 years longer Leading causes of death for 1-24 year olds correct answer: unintentional injuries (most are non-disease related), other causes, homicide, suicide Leading causes of death for 25-44 year olds correct answer: all other causes, unintentional injuries, cancer Leading causes of death for 45-64 year olds correct answer: cancer, other causes, heart disease Leading causes of death for 65+ year olds correct answer: other causes, heart disease, cancer Mortality rates over time by sex correct answer: -Mortality rates have diminished over time for both sexes -Women have less death rate than men -Change in male mortality has improved, female has gotten worse --(increase in poverty, health issues, smoking, decrease in education) Mortality rates over time by ethnicity correct answer: -Whites on average have lower mortality rates than other races -Blacks have increase rates of cancer, fetal deaths, etc. why - healthcare access, education, income -Highest death rates in south east states, lowest in coastal plains Gender gap comparisons worldwide and between developed and less-developed nations correct answer: Across countries female advantage is universal Gap is closing over the years (developing life expectancy is getting greater faster than industrialized) US = pretty low life expectancy at birth, Japan = highest, women 86; men 79 Russian Federation = lowest, women 75; men 60 Developing countries have lower life expectancies than industrialized Gender gap is smaller in developing countries because more infectious diseases, more traditional gender roles, child baring vs men risk taking Gender differences in morbidity correct answer: -Women = report more illness, more ill from acute and chronic conditions, experience more disability, use more outpatient health services, use more prescriptions and OTC drugs -Women get more sick, men die quicker Reasons for "gender paradox" correct answer: Women = more likely to get treated, different health problems Men = more likely to smoke, more likely to engage in risky behavior Utility of using lifespan developmental perspective correct answer: -Depending when you're born, you're exposed to different events and advancements -You vs. Grandparents = differences in healthcare, medical technologies, knowledge of health benefits Ascribed status correct answer: the social status a person is assigned at birth, not earned nor chosen Achieved status correct answer: a position that is earned or chosen, reflects personal skills, abilities, and efforts From Kuh et al. (2003): How early life factors influence later life health correct answer: -Life course epidemiology - study of long term effects on later health or disease risk -Integrate biology and social risk -Environmental exposures during critical periods of development can have long term effects on adult chronic disease risk -Study early life factors with later life factors to identify risk and protection across the life course Accumulation of Risk correct answer: outcomes and exposures to risky behaviors or environments build up over time Birth Cohort correct answer: people born at different times are exposed to different risks/advantages Context correct answer: location of person in time and place (geographical, group membership) Chains of Risk correct answer: sequence of exposures, one bad experience leads to another and another Critical Period correct answer: developmental time window when rapid change happens more efficiently Sensitive Period correct answer: -subset of critical period which has stronger effect on development or disease risk -times when effect of experience on development of particularly strong Life span perspective correct answer: social statuses affect